Transcript The Age of Imperialism - Gonzaga College High School

The Age of Imperialism
The Age of Imperialism
Time Line
• 1830
• 1842
• 1854
• 1857
• 1860s
• 1867
France begins its takeover of
Algeria.
Great Britain acquires Hong Kong.
Commodore Matthew C. Perry
“opens” Japan.
The Indian Mutiny results in the
establishment of direct British rule
over India.
France begins its takeover of
Indochina.
The British North America Act
establishes the Dominion of Canada.
The Age of Imperialism
Time Line
• 1869
• 1881
• 1882
• 1885
• 1894-95
• 1896
The Suez Canal is opened.
France acquires Tunisia.
Great Britain establishes a
protectorate over Egypt.
The Congo Free State is established.
Japan defeats China in the SinoJapanese War.
The Ethiopians defeat the Italians at
Adowa.
The Age of Imperialism
Time Line
• 1898
• 1899-1900
• 1902
• 1904-05
• 1910
The British gain control of the
Sudan. The United States acquires
the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and
Hawaii.
The Boxer Rebellion takes place in
China.
The Boer War ends with the British
takeover of the Orange Free State
and the Transvaal.
Japan defeats Russia in the RussoJapanese War.
Japan annexes Korea.
The Age of Imperialism
Background
• Last quarter of 19th century=a great surge of
imperialist activity.
• Africa and Asia divided among GB, France,
Germany, and others.
• End of century, US and Japan join the ranks of
imperialist powers.
• Imperialism led to intensified rivalries and
increasing tensions among the powers.
Imperialism in the 19th Century
• End of Napoleonic wars (1815), only
major overseas empires were those of GB
and the Netherlands.
• Great Britain
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Little enthusiasm for further expansion.
Revolt of the US colonies.
Appearance that Canada might follow US.
“Little Englanders”
Imperialism in the 19th Century
• The Netherlands
• Profitable island empire in the East Indies.
• France, Prussia, and Austria
• France=preoccupied with domestic problems.
• Prussia and Austria involved in European
issues.
Imperialism in the 19th Century
• Russia
• Only European power to continue expansionist
policy throughout the 19th century.
• Overland expansion, not overseas.
• Pressed against the declining Ottoman Empire.
• Movement into Central Asia and Maritime
Provinces on the Sea of Japan.
Renewed Interest in Expansion
• Great Britain
• 1870s, acquisition of additional colonies became
an object of government policy, with wide
public support.
• France
• Third Republic and domestic stability.
• Germany and Italy
• Newly unified and regarded imperial expansion
as evidence of national greatness.
Motives for Imperialism
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Political and Psychological Factors
Social Darwinism
Religious and Humanitarian Motives
Economic Motives
Motives for Imperialism
• Political and Psychological Factors
• Competition among European powers
intensified.
• Means to increase a country’s military and
economic power.
• A sign of national greatness and vitality.
• Failure to acquire colonies came to be regarded
as a sign of national decadence.
Motives for Imperialism
• Social Darwinism
• Emphasis on the idea of
life as a struggle, with
the stronger surviving at
the expense of the
weaker.
• Failure to expand was seen as
losing the struggle for
survival.
• Belief that the advanced white
race had an obligation to
civilize the less developed
peoples of the world.
Motives for Imperialism
• Religious and
Humanitarian
Motives
• Great upsurge in missionary
activity among Catholics and
Protestants.
• Dr. David Livingstone (181373).
• Combination of religious and
humanitarian motives.
• African and Arab slave trade.
Motives for Imperialism
• Economic Motives
• Demands for new sources of raw materials and
new markets for products.
• New opportunities for investment of surplus
capital.
• Motives of shipping companies and arms and
munitions manufacturers.
Motives for Imperialism
• Economic Motives
• J. A. Hobson (18581940): In Imperialism: A
Study, held that great
financiers, hoping to increase
wealth through overseas
investment, the power behind
imperialist policies.
• V. I. Lenin (1870-1924):
In Imperialism: The Last
Stage of Capitalism, held
that capitalism must expand
to survive.
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Most extensive empire in human history.
Western Hemisphere
Africa
Asia
Worldwide Outposts
The British Empire in the
Early 19th Century
• Western Hemisphere
• Canada, islands in the West Indies, British
Honduras in Central America, British Guiana
in S. America.
• British North America Act of 1867:
• Established the Dominion of Canada with
extensive autonomy in domestic policy.
The British Empire in the
Early 19th Century
• Africa
• Acquired Cape of Good Hope
in Napoleonic wars.
• 1820s: British settlers moved
into the Cape Colony.
• Friction with the Boers.
• Great Trek of 1835-37: Boers
moved north into the interior.
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Established 2 independent
republics: Orange Free State and
Transvaal.
1843: British took control of
Natal, east of the Cape Colony.
The British Empire in the
Early 19th Century
• Asia
• India: British gained
control in the defeat of France
in the Seven Years’ War
(1756-63).
• Administered by the British
East India Co.
• 1857: the Great Mutiny (aka,
the Sepoy Rebellion), in which
Indian troops rose up against
the British.
• 1858: British government
established direct control of
India.
The British Empire in the
Early 19th Century
• Asia
• China: Opium War of
1841-42, Chinese try to
prevent British
importation of opium.
• British annexed Hong
Kong and forced
Chinese to open 5 ports
to foreign trade.
• 1858: Chinese forced to
open 11 more ports.
The British Empire in the
Early 19th Century
• Worldwide Outposts
• Control of key strategic points around the world:
• Gibraltar at the western entrance to the
Mediterranean.
• Malta in the central Mediterranean.
• Aden at the southern end of the Red Sea.
• Ceylon off the SE coast of India.
• Singapore at the southern tip of the Malay peninsula.
• Australia and New Zealand in the S. Pacific.
• Self-government as dominions in 1901 & 07.
Expansion of British
Imperialism in Africa
• Egypt
• 1875: Disraeli bought 44% of the shares in the Suez
Canal Company from Egypt.
• Regarded as an essential link between GB and India.
• Sale proceeds were used by the khedive to pay off part
of enormous debt.
• Joint control of Egyptian finances by GB and France.
• 1882: GB established a protectorate over Egypt, thus
eliminating France from Egyptian affairs.
Expansion of British Imperialism
in Africa
• South Africa
• Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902): the
central figure in S. African
imperialism.
• Discovered diamonds at
Kimberley in the Cape
Colony in 1869.
• Goal was British African
possessions from Cape of
Good Hope in the south to
Egypt in the north.
• Northward imperialist
expansion.
Expansion of British Imperialism
in Africa
• South Africa
• The Jameson Raid,
1895: gold discovered in
the Transvaal (1886).
• Tension between British and
Boers erupted with the raid
into the Transvaal by the
British, led by Dr. Leander
Jameson.
• Boers convinced Rhodes was
plotting to take over
Transvaal and Orange Free
State.
Expansion of British Imperialism
in Africa
• South Africa
• The Boer War, 1899:
British victorious in
1902.
• 1910: British united
Cape Colony, Natal, the
Transvaal, and the
Orange Free State to
form the Union of South
Africa, a self-governing
dominion.
Expansion of British Imperialism
in Africa
• West & East African
Possessions
• W. Africa: British
expanded old trading stations
into full-scale colonies.
• Gambia, Sierra Leone, the
Gold Coast, and Nigeria.
• E. Africa: possessions
included Kenya, Uganda,
British Somaliland, and the
island of Zanzibar.
The French Empire in the
Early 19th Century
• 1815: France retained only a small part of their
former empire.
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In W. Indies, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and several small islands.
In S. America, French Guiana.
In Africa, several coastal trading stations.
Minor influence in Egypt and the Middle East.
• France began the process of acquisition.
• 1830: Algeria in N. Africa.
• 1843: Tahiti and other islands in the S. Pacific.
• 1860s: Indochina.
French Imperialism in Africa
• Late 19th century: France had created a
huge African empire.
• North Africa: Tunisia (1881) and a protectorate
over Morocco.
• West Africa: Senegal, Guinea, and the Ivory
Coast.
• Island of Madagascar off east coast of Africa.
• French Somaliland on the Red Sea.
The Anglo-French Conflict
Over the Sudan
• Sudan: south of Egypt, came
under dispute in 1898.
• 1884: British/Egyptian force
marched up the Nile and into
the Sudan.
• Massacred by Moslem forces
at Khartoum.
• 1886: British/Egyptian force
defeated the Moslems at
Omdurman in Sept.
• Fashoda Crisis: Days later,
British force encountered
French force.
• At threat of war, French
yielded to British.
King Leopold II and the Congo
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1870s: Belgians under King
Leopold II began the process of
imperial empire in Africa.
Employed Henry Stanley, an
Anglo-American journalist and
adventurer, to sign treaties with
African chieftains in the Congo
region of Central Africa.
1884-85: international
recognition of Congo Free State
under Leopold’s personal rule.
Forced labor in production of
rubber, ivory, and minerals.
Belgian official control in 1908.
Other Imperial Powers in Africa
• Germany
• Bismarck gave in to forces insistent that
colonies would enhance German prestige.
• 1884: Togoland and the Cameroons in W.
Africa, and German SW Africa.
• 1885: control of German E. Africa.
Other Imperial Powers in Africa
• Italy
• Relatively unsuccessful in colonial efforts in
Africa.
• 1889: Italian Somaliland.
• 1890: Eritrea
• 1890s attempt to seize Ethiopia: defeated in the
Battle of Adowa.
• 1912: Tripoli in North Africa.
Imperialism in China
• British sphere of influence in the Yangtze
River valley.
• French sphere of influence in southern
China, adjacent to Indochina.
Imperialism in China
• Japanese Intervention
• 1854: Commodore Matthew
Perry and the “Opening of
Japan”: westernization and
modernization.
• 1894-95: Sino-Japanese War.
• Japanese defeat of China
yields Formosa (Taiwan), the
independence of Korea, and
an opening of Manchuria.
• Russia, Germany, France
intervened, forcing Japan to
agree to nullify Korean
independence.
Imperialism in China
• The Boxer Rebellion
• Intense anti-foreign
feelings in China.
• Some 200 foreign missionaries
and other civilians killed in
revolt of Chinese secret
societies.
• 1900: international
expeditionary force
dispatched to China to break
the siege of embassies and
suppress the revolt.
The Russo-Japanese War
• Russian advances in northern China
angered the Japanese.
• Russians had established a sphere of
influence in Manchuria and showed
interest in Korea.
• Feb. 1904, Japanese forces executed a
surprise attack on the Russian Far
Eastern fleet at Port Arthur.
The Russo-Japanese War
• Japanese defeat the
Russians.
• Treaty of Portsmouth
(1905): Russia
maintained Manchuria,
while Korea was opened
to Japanese penetration.
• Japan annexed Korea in
1910.