Air Transportation

• The “ Little Iceage ” • Increased mining • Vacuum pumps • Steam engines • Explosive gas mixtures • Four stroke engine • Electronic ignition • Petroleum discovery • Mercedes automobile • Wright Brothers

13-19 th Century-

“

Little Ice Age

” • Lack of sun spots or increased volcanic activity. Ice age ends in 1850.

• Chimney replaced the central hearth in large hall.

• Increased class separation, productivity, intellectual activities, privacy, hygiene, plaster and glass manufacturing.

1564 - Shortage of Copper in England

• Increased mining activity.

• Used charcoal from timber for heat source.

1615 – Acute timber crisis

• Coal burning ‘ Reverberatory Furnace ’ for glass manufacturing.

• Increased mining for Copper and Coal.

1707 – Iron factory

• Used ‘ Reverberatory Furnace ’ with modified draught and cleaner coal ‘ coke.

’ • The new blast furnace dropped the price of iron and displaced expensive brass.

• 1722 used to replace brass cylinders in Newcomen ’ s pumping engine.

Coal

• Anaerobic - in the absence of air • Formed by anaerobic decomposition of plant material under heat and pressure for millions of years.

Coke

• Soft Bituminous coal is heated anaerobically (1000 o C or 1800 o F) to make coke and give off water, coal gas and coal tar • Coke is highly porous, burns cleaner than coal, contains more energy/mass and burns hotter than coal.

1705 - Newcomen Engine

• Borrowed steam engine technology from Guericke, Papin and Savery ’ s ‘ Miners Friend.

’ • Single piston that was cooled with water every cycle (an accidental innovation). Employed new rocking beam.

• Made of iron instead of expensive brass.

Steam Condensation Experiment

• Heating a partially full water bottle in microwave.

• Rapid condensation in cold water.

• Watch vacuum.mov

Newcomen Engine

Metal alloys

• Alloys are metal mixtures • Brass is 55-60% Copper (Cu) with Zinc (Zn) and traces of Mn and Fe.

• Bronze is 78-95% Copper with Tin (Sn) and sometimes traces of Pb or Zn. This was the first copper alloy, used over 5,300 years ago.

1769 – Watt

’

s Separate Condenser Steam Engine

• In 1769 James Watt patented his improved steam engine using a separate condenser which eventually led to steam pressure to move the piston in both directions.

• Was 75% more efficient than Newcomen ’ s.

• This engine needed more precise pistons to eliminate water seal.

Watt

’

s Separate Condenser

Separate steam cylinder Separate condenser

Watt

’

s Double Acting Steam Engine

Watt originally patented W. Murdock claimed it ’ ’ s idea but did not act on it. He s too dangerous.

In 1801, Richard Trevithick made the first steam locomotive.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam1.htm

“

Puffing Devil

”

1801

• • Later Matthew Murray produced the first commercially successful steam locomotives (1812), much to ire of James Watt. History of steam engines “ Catch-me-who-can ” in 1808 went 12 mph.

carnival ride

Glasgow Green

• “ Near this spot in 1765 james Watt conceived the idea for the separate condenser for the steam engine.

”

1775-Wilkinson

’

s cylinder boring machine.

• The trigger for Wilkinson ’ s precision cylinder boring lathe was the need for more precise cannons.

• Turned metal ingot on a stationary cutting tool.

• This also provided the precision cylinders Watt demanded.

1775 – Joseph Priestley

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s Eudiometer

• Since his brother-in law was Wilkinson he had all the metal cylinders he needed.

• Electrostatic combustion cylinder.

• Volta ’ s eudometric pistol

1840 – Whale oil shortage

• Whales nearly extinct in N. Atlantic forces whaling in N. Pacific.

• 1859 Ed Drake discovered oil at Oil creek, Pennsylvania.

• Gasoline was a nuisance byproduct.

• 1876 Nikolaus Otto ’ s four-stroke engine which used town gas.

Petroleum

• Arguably produced from the slow anaerobic decomposition of marine organisms, over millions of years.

• Natural gas comes from anaerobic decomposition of either plant or marine life. It is the most efficient petrochemical fuel.

The Four Stroke Engine

• 1, piston moves down pulling air/fuel into the cylinder.

• 2, The piston moves up compressing the fuel/air mixture.

• 3, Compressed fuel/air is exploded pushing the piston down (power stroke).

• 4, The piston move up eliminating the exhaust from the cylinder.

1892 – Maybach ’ s float-type carburetor

• Improved technology over older atomizer or wick carburetors circ. 1875 • 1900 -Daimler used Maybach ’ s carburetor and Volta ’ s electric spark ignition by Bosch .

• 1901-Wilhelm Kress ’ s failed airplane attempt.

• 1903- Wright Brothers

Venturi

• As air passes through the Venturi it accelerates while its pressure drops.

• Pressure drop used to pull gasoline into the air.

• Improvement to Maybach’s carburetor in 1900. • Gas and air exit in turbulent flow which mixes them.

‘

Making nuclear power usable again

’ • • International supervision and control is necessary were using nuclear technology.

239 Pu is a byproduct of Uranium nuclear reactors and is fissionable material.

‘

Chernobyl Today.

’ • Significant increase in pediatric thyroid cancer due to 131 I.

• Concerns for Fukushima • Hugh economic burden on Belarus and Ukraine • Slight increase in leukemia among cleanup crews.

California

’

s Energy Production

Nuclear 12% Renewables 8% Coal 18% Natural Gas 42% Hydroelectric 20%

What you should know

• The four strokes of the 4 stroke engine.

• The Venturi principle.

• The connection between volta ’ s pistol and the carburetor. • Difference between coal and coke.

• The operation of Necommen ’ s & Watt ’ s engines.

• Slide #21 • #23 • #22 • #6-7 • #10 & 12-13

What you should know

• What is an alloy • What is bronze and brass. How are they different.

• What is one radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl & Fukushima accidents.

• Difference between aerobic and anaerobic processes. • How is crucible steel made. What is its connection to glass making?

• Differential coal & petroleum • #11 mixture of metals • #11 • #25 Iodine-131 • #6 Anaerobic - no air • Recycled steel melted at high temperatures. • Plants & marine #6 & #20