Transcript No Slide Title

Ayse Kudat:
CAPACITY
CREATION/TRAINING
MODULE FOR
RESETTLEMENT PLANNING
FOR LARGE DAMS: A CASE
STUDY
AYSE
KUDAT
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
2003
THE ILISU DAM
Dam type
: Zoned rockfill with
clay core
Dam height above foundation
: 135 m
Reservoir area
: 313 km2
Active dam reservoir volume
: 7.5 x 109 m3
Installed capacity
: 1200 MW
Power
: 3833 GWh/yr
People have been informed and many would
like to know with certainty whether the dam
will finally be built or not
2000
1998
1982
“Tigris River
Pre-Investigation
report” by DSİ
1980
1971
1954
1977
1975
1975
Household surveys indicate
over 95% of communities in
Diyarbakir, Batman, Mardin
and Sirnak are informed. This
knowledge is shared by 79% of
households in Siirt
Who are the affected populations?
 Although a clear definition of “affected populations”
is not available from the World Bank, it is generally
accepted that people who are physically forced to
move or be displaced, resettlers, settlers, those who
will lose their assets or their access to common
resources are considered “affected”.
 In the case of the proposed Ilisu Dam, residents of
communities who lose part or all of their land,
homes, and other assets, are clearly “affected”.
 The complications arise when the case of the already
“displaced” populations are considered
Settlements affected are distributed
among five provinces
Dam Affected Areas
Some villages have one or more hamlets. Kinship ties exist between the village and
its hamlets, but are closer within each settlement. As hamlets grow in size, demands
are made to convert them into villages with independent administrative identities. In
some villages and associated hamlets the land titles are available but are still in the
name of a great grandfather from whom the villages trace their patrilineage.
There are some nomadic people in the impact area. Their
numbers are very small but difficult to estimate. If and how
they may be affected by the construction of the Ilisu Dam is
unknown.
Diversity
• Affected communities in all 5 provinces are primarily Kurdish
speaking. Including in Hasankeyf, there are some people of Arabic
origin as well. Men and younger generations are bilingual and because
of extensive use of the TV, women often speak some Turkish.
• Kinship ties are traced to Kurdish tribes within the region. Tribal
structures have lost their dominance but strong lineage ties are
maintained.
• Diversity with respect to faith is also common with people of Muslim
and Christian origin of different sects. Some Yezidi communities are
also said to live in the impact area.
• A common sense of being from a province is far more widespread
than ethnic or religious background except among Suryanis. When
asked, people define themselves by their place of birth or most
extensive residence.
• Seasonal migrants come in large groups from other provinces.They too
are of diverse origin but mix little with affected communities. Gypsies
also travel and work within the region.
Out-migration has been a major feature of communities
in all five provinces affected. In Baglarca Village most of
the young population has migrated to Istanbul
According to the 2000 socioeconomic survey, seasonal
migration in affected communities
is an important source of income
to both the landless and to those
with marginal land. The
destinations are tourism and
metropolitan centers.
12 Different Population Scenarios had to be prepared given large numbers of displaced
populations and the difficulties involved in separating village and hamlet data
Population estimates based on alternative growth rates and average settlement
sizes
Inhabited Settlements
Vacant Settlements
Total
Directly
Indirectly
Directly
Indirectly
affected
affected
affected
affected
1. 1990 forecast 13531
34952
5811
8600
62894
(a)
2. 1990 forecast 13531
34952
12468
13152
74103
(b)
3. 1990 forecast 10066
26002
4323
6398
46789
©
4. 1990 forecast 10066
26002
9275
9785
55128
(d)
5. 1997
12339
33589
5811
8600
60339
foreceast (a)
6. 1997 forecast 12339
33589
12468
13152
71548
(b)
7. 1997 forecast 11276
30696
4304
6369
52644
(c)
8. 1997 forecast 11276
30696
9233
9741
60946
( d)
9. Household 14416
37716
5811
8600
66543
survey (a)
10. Household 14416
37716
12468
13152
77752
survey (b)
11. Household 14416
37716
4323
6398
62853
survey ( c )
12. Household 14416
37716
9275
9785
71192
survey ( d )
Determination of affected populations is made difficult
because of displaced populations and unavailability of
separate data for villages and sub-village
Descriptions of Alternative Forecast Precedures:
1.
•
•
•
1990 forecast (a): The 1990 population census figures have been forecasted to the year 2000.
For both vacant and inhabited settlements, 1990 hamlet residents have been assumed to be
included in the core village statistics. For vacant settlements it has been assumed that if they
would have stayed in place, their populations would have grown at the same rate as settlements
that are currently inhabited. For settlements that are currently vacant hamlet populations have
been assumed to be included in the core village figures since this appears to be the case for the
population census data at that time. A rather generous population growth rate of .0243 has been
assumed. This rate has been published by the State Statistical Office as the overall growth rate
of all settlements.
1990 forecast (b): The same as (1), above with the exception that the hamlet populations have
been assumed to be unreported. Thus, based on the average hamlet populations within the Ilisu
region for the year 2000, the vacant hamlets have been assumed to have an average population
of 170. Thus, a relatively high overall population estimate has emerged for all affected
settlements.
1990 forecast ©: The same as (1) above except a growth rate of (-00527) has been used. This
rate has been published by the State Statistical Office as the specific rural growth rate for the
South-eastern Turkey for the period 1990-1997.
1990 forecast (d): The same as (2), above with the low rural population growth rate.
Between 1985 and 1990 population in displaced
settlements was already reduced. By 1997 no data
on them were available and only 42,831 people were recorded
as residing in communities to be affected by the Ilisu Dam.
Directly
affected and
inhabitated
Directly
affected
villages
and vacant
at 1997.
Indirectly
affected and
inhabitated
Indirectly
Affected villages
and inhabitated.
Total
1985
census
9579
5193
23058
7890
45841
1990
census
10611
4557
27409
6744
49443
1997
census
11471
Not
available
31227
Not available
42831
Source : 1997 Population Census, Administrative Division ( SIS )
Vulnerable groups
DISPLACED
LANDLESS
•
•
•
•
Displaced populations are particularly vulnerable
They will not benefit from state support extended to those repatriated to their vacated
communities
Their preferences are not well established since they cannot easily be located
Those without titles to assets
– Their numbers are difficult to estimate
– Their entitlements raise concerns
– Landless among them may have no entitlements
•
Some occupy homes of landlords
•
Reduced size of land in the areas coupled with use of some pasture areas for irrigated
agriculture would further shrink livestock incomes
•
Compensation and resettlements rights are household specific
•
They generate the bulk of livestock income, and livestock activity may be substantially
reduced
Compensation payments if divided among adult children of household may exclude
daughters
Stress of adjustment to urban areas including those deriving from male unemployment may
fall disproportionately on women
LIVESTOCK MANAGERS
ADULTS, CHILDREN OF
EXTENDED FAMILIES
WOMEN
•
•
What can be done?
•
•
•
•
•
Displaced
 Compensate the fully affected for their assets unless they immediately opt for state assisted
resettlement
 Make early resettlement arrangements for those without assets that request state support.
 Determine nature of impacts on partially affected settlements and facilitate their return to
their original communities.
 Schedule compensation and resettlement budget accordingly so that this particular
vulnerable group will not have to wait until dam construction is near completion.
Landless
 Those requesting state support would be entitled to homes as well as land; the special
category who have no homes of their own creates concern. Identify their legal entitlements.
 Given acute shortages of cultivatable land, provide them with skills training to encourage
urban resettlement.
Livestock managers
 Better estimate impacts of reduced pasture land on livestock incomes.
 Encourage feed management
Adults, children of extended families
 Direct new employment opportunities created by the dam and establish appropriate
strategies for targeting training for future urban employment.
Women
 Rapid socioeconomic change is ongoing in the region and gradual improvements in the
status of women are expected. Informing women of their individual legal rights and of skills
building opportunities would also help.
THE PROVINCES AND SETTLEMENTS AFFECTED BY THE ILISU DAM
ARE GOVERNED UNDER MARTIAL CONDITIONS
OHAL (exceptional conditions)
continue
But there is a gradual shift
to normality
Normalization is expected to create the much
needed circumstances for development
investments. It is also expected to facilitate the
return of displaced people to their communities.
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
COMMUNITY STRUCTURES AND
ASSETS
Assessing the cost of lost infrastructure is an essential part of the RAP.
Little is known about the nature and value of infrastructure in the affected
communities.
Of equal or greater importance is the lack of knowledge or access to common
property resources.
There is no information on displaced communities.
With respect to “built” structures, information is available on housing from
the 2000 socio-economic survey that shows that most families own homes,
but do not have title deeds. Other than in the town of Hasankeyf, local
materials – stabilized mud and stone – are most frequent. Some caves are
also used as homes. The poor occupy more of the mud homes that will not
receive much in compensation.
The towns also have better amenities. Electricity, televisions and
refrigerators are almost universal. Water shortages are acute.
OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE TITLES
Hasankeyf Inhabited
settlement
s
Have
house
74
70
60
50
40
84
30
20
Do not
15
have house
10
7
0
Own title deed
Hasankeyf
Building materials of houses
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Hasankeyf
Sun-dried bricks
Inhabited Settlements
Stone
Brick
Wood
Concrete
Own property without title deed
Inhabited
Household Types
In addition to these structures,a few
families still live in caves in Hasankeyf.
Brick
Concrete
Stabilized
mud
Stone
Wood
In rural settlements homes are
large but built of simple local
materials- stabilized mud,
stone and brick. Concrete homes are more visible in urban areas.
Not all the assets of the communities
will be adequately compensated.
The habitat of the area offers opportunities for
construction of staples, storage houses and other
facilities; affected households may not be able to
claim compensation for these
•Caves are the most distinguishing landscape
formation of the region. The story behind who the
first settlers were is still unknown.
•The inhabitants of Suceken village were resettled
from these caves to their current village (right
across the caves on the bank of Tigris) during late
60s through state support. They still use their caves
as staple for their animals.
Urban Homes in Hasankeyf have much
better amenities than rural homes
Have toilet in the
house
Have toilet outside
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hasankeyf
Inhabited settlements
Gardens and homes are larger in rural areas. This is one of
the reasons why government resettlement houses are
perceived as “boxes”. The large size of rural families is yet
another important factor.
1400
1200
Garden size (sqm)
1000
House size (sqm)
800
Number of
rooms/house
600
400
200
0
Hasankeyf
Inhabited
settlements
The officials in the region point to high levels of illegal use of energy. Bills
are not paid, illegal connections are made, and meters are damaged. The
energy agency recently declared its intention to raise tariffs. However, how
they will combat revenue leakage is yet to be explained to the public.
In many cases, communities support the dam
construction and want to be resettled because of
acute water shortages.
Percentage of households with access to “safe”
drinking water is much higher in Hasankeyf
than in rural communities
32
Inhabited
Settlement
97
Hasankeyf
0
20
40
Hasankeyf
60
80
Inhabited Settlement
100
120
Ownership of Durable Consumer Products
No oven
No laundry
No fridge
No telephone
0
10
20
Hasankeyf
30
40
50
Inhabited settlements
60
70
The area that will be impacted by the Ilisu Dam is vast. Large segments of nearby
surface waters are irrigated directly by the people themselves. Irrigation systems
based on pumping water from the rivers can be installed either by the landowner or
by the tenant farmer at their own cost. Landowners also use groundwater; water
extracted from the ground belongs to the landowner. Surface water irrigation is
preferred because electricity, rather than gas, is used for pumping. Despite a shortage
of electricity, revenue leakage is extremely high.
In addition to being highly exploited for self-constructed irrigation schemes,
rivers are also exploited for building materials.
The area that will be impacted by the Ilisu Dam is vast. Large segments of nearby
surface waters are irrigated directly by the people themselves. Irrigation systems
based on pumping water from the rivers can be installed either by the landowner or
by the tenant farmer at their own cost. Landowners also use groundwater; water
extracted from the ground belongs to the landowner. Surface water irrigation is
preferred because electricity, rather than gas, is used for pumping. Despite a shortage
of electricity, revenue leakage is extremely high.
There is a visible lack of horticulture and tree cover in the affected communities of Ilisu. Unfortunately,
the socio-economic surveys made no attempt to establish tree ownership. Whether the issue is related to
goat ownership or not is uncertain. Some of the landlords are planting trees on a yearly basis. Some
foreign observers seem to think that this is because they intend to receive higher levels of cash
compensation from the government. In fact, few landlords believe that Ilisu will ever be built. They
plant trees to diversify their farming and to make better use of the irrigation infrastructure they have
established.
Surprisingly most households use
wood for heating
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hasankeyf
Inhabited settlements
Dung
Wood
Coal
Other
Incidence and type of
illness vary according
to settlements
60
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
No illness
Hasankeyf
Inhabited settlements
50
40
Incidendce
30
Of Malaria is
20
Surprisingly
10
High in
0
Malaria
Hasankeyf
Inhabited Settlements
Bronchitis
Osteoartritis
Poisoning
(snake and
scorpions)
Common Cold
Villages
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
TYPOLOGY OF AFFECTS
Typology of Affects
Types of settlements impacted are diverse.
Total of 183 settlements are impacted.
In 104 settlements, residential areas will be inundated.
In 79 settlements, only a portion of the land will be impacted.
85 settlements have already been displaced in the early 1990s, a situation that presents an unprecedented
challenge for the RAP. There are other complications – title deeds are not available for a large percentage
of communities, especially for those displaced.
Security concerns in the area resulted in the recruitment of some 60,000 “village guards” in southeast
Turkey, including in the affected settlements. While most guards are members of the communities, some
have been brought in from outside and expect to benefit from the Ilisu compensation process.
Although not all displacement was caused by security concerns, displaced people have resettlement
entitlements under the Turkish law.
Given this complex web of issues, the RAP should recommend a process and a budget to: (i) formulate
solutions specific to settlement typology; (ii) take early measures to prepare land registration systems for
displaced
communities, giving priority to those fully displaced; (iii) provide early compensation for displaced people of fully
impacted settlements; (iv) establish with certainty affected lands in partially impacted displaced settlements and
design strategies to facilitate people to return to their communities (in collaboration with other government agencies
involved in this effort).
Large number of settlements are affected by the dam
A total of 183
settlements impacted
Partially affected
Fully affected
79
104
57
Village
47
Hamlet
Vacant
21
Vacant
20

Inhabited 37
29
Village

Inhabited 26
49
Hamlet
Vacant
13

1
Town
Hasankeyf
Vacant
31

Inhabited 16 Inhabited 18
Inhabited Villages
• Display different characteristics with respect to migration.
• In most, seasonal migration is needed to supplement
incomes.
• Some continue to lose their younger members to labor
markets outside.
• As in the past, some continue to send temporary or
permanent migrants to metropolitan or tourism centers.
• To some, families from outside have been brought in as
“village guards”.
• Still others host large numbers of seasonal farm workers
from within and outside the region.
There are several types of Vacant Villages*
• Totally vacant and no security clearance for land to be cultivated.
• Homes have been vacant for nearly a decade but farmers especially
recently have been cultivating their lands.
• Communities for which security clearance has been obtained for
the people to return if they wish to do so.
• The government and the army are collaborating to facilitate the
return of people to evacuated villages, however developmental
assistance will not be provided to those that might be affected by
the Ilisu Dam. Thus, the people are keen for a decision one way or
the other. If the dam will not be built they will return to their
homes.
*Two types of out migration have been significant in the region in the 1990s. First is the “economic migration”; this has not resulted in
the total evacuation of any one community. In the 1960s and 1970s opportunities were more prevalent and the dominant pattern has
been for rural populations to head for Western Anatolian cities and even to Europe. A more significant and unique form of out migration
concerns population displacement for security reasons. More specifically, in the early 1990s the Government requested communities
either to arm themselves and fight on its side against the “terrorists” or to evacuate their homes. As a result, over 3,000 affected
communities have been evacuated and are currently uninhabited.
Baglarca Village:
of avillages
partially
vacant
village.
Houses near the
SomeExample
inhabited
are
partially
vacated:
Jandarma base have been displaced
Baglarca Village: Example of a partially vacant village. Houses
near the Jandarma base were displaced.
Displacement in some situations occurs because communities are
entirely evacuated. In other cases, conflicts between those who agree to
function as guards and those who did not do so resulted in the departure of
some families.
In a large number of cases, communities are partially vacated
because of fear of terrorism. Whether these families will return or
whether they have property left behind is uncertain.
If a census of entitlements was prepared, they might have been
excluded from resettlement preferences. Thus, the decision to move
forward with the dam construction might be needed before these people
can be informed and make a decision to either come forward with their
demands or to stay in their respective new homes elsewhere.
Different Resettlement
Classifications are possible
 People who have legal title to land and are still
there.
 People who have no legal title to land and are still
there.
 People who have had legal title to land and have
left.
 People who have no legal title to land and have
left.
 People who have arrived in the last eight years.
complex residential and legal
arrangements determine the type of
impacts
Partially affected*
Fully affected*
Vacant
No Title deed
Works on
Immigrant
land
guards
Still
vacant
Full
Legal title deed
* Communities that will be fully affected will completely lose their residential areas to the dam reservoir. Most of these will also lose
their cultivable lands. Residential areas in partially affected communities will not be affected but some or most of their cultivated areas
will be inundated.
Fully affected/ Partially affected
As defined by DSI (and the resettlement plan under
preparation), totally flooded communities would lose their
residential core; whereas in partially flooded communities
the build environment will not be affected
Complications:
•Not all “fully flooded” communities would lose their assets
entirely e.g. Ilisu
• How much of a “partially affected” community will actually be
affected is unknown
Assumptions
•In situations where a settlement center would be inundated
cultivable lands would also be fully flooded
•As to “partially affected” communities, a yardstick from past
experience has also been used: these communities would lose
about half their cultivable areas.
Partially affected
Fully affected
People Who Have Legal Title to Land and Are Still:
In their original Rural
communities
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
In their original Urban
communities
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Partially affected
Fully affected
People Who Have NO Legal Title to Land and Are
Still:
In their original Rural
communities
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
In their original Urban
communities
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Most communities lack cadastral systems and
owners have no legal titles yet.
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fully affected
Own-title home
Not an owner
Partially Affected
Own-no-title
Partially affected
Fully affected
People Who Have had Legal Title to Land and have
left either:
Sold their Land for
economic reasons:
Lost their claim
Could not sell their Land and were
displaced for security reasons to:
Other new
Rural
communities
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Other new
Urban
communities
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Partially affected
Fully affected
People Who Have had No Legal Title to Land and have
been displaced are either in:
Other new Rural
communities
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Other new Urban
communities
Want cash
compensation
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Partially affected
Fully affected
People who have arrived in the last eight years
Claim to have
purchased land
In Their new
Rural
communities
In Their new
Urban
communities
Did not
purchase land
and are farming
In Their new
Rural
communities
In Their new
Urban
communities
Are paid as
security guards
by government
Own Land
Do not
own land
Farm land they
do not own
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Want state
assisted
resettlement
Want cash
compensation
Fewer of the vacant villages have land registration
Affected Settlements
Vacant
46%
Inhabited
54%
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Land registration
available
Fully affected
No land registration
Partially affected
Land registration
available
Fully affected
No land registration
Partially affected
If the RAP of the Ilisu dam literally followed international standards and
excluded households not resident in the impact area at the time of a census, or
the socio-economic studies, a large number of displaced people would have been
excluded from resettlement and expropriation benefits.
Example of a totally uninhabited
village:
Sincanli Village
Sincanli Village is a mezra of
Oymatas. The villagers left their
village and migrated to Batman.
There were 20 households premigration, and they still have
their land and work on their land
during the day, commuting
daily. As they were leaving they
took all of their belongings,
windows, doors and trees to
reuse them for construction
purposes in Batman.
Example of a totally vacant village:
Kumluca Village
Some of the evacuated communities are extremely difficult to reach.
This is because some areas are mined, and in others the road and
energy infrastructure is totally destroyed. The process of rebuilding
these communities is going to be extremely costly. Neither a program
nor a specific budget exists to launch the program.
Nevertheless, steps could
be taken to give priority
to the rebuilding of
partially affected vacant
settlements with
particular emphasis on
those that were
marginally impacted.
Displacement is not always due to security, in some
cases displacement is caused by blood feud
There is an ongoing migration from the villages to
towns, and not all can be attributed to security
enforcement. Other than security and economic
constraint, another reason for migration is blood feuds
among the families,which is widespread in the region.
The blood conflict can be among villages or within a
village among specific families. Like in the case of
Yenikopru Village, half of the village (approx. 75
households) have left because of blood feuds within the
village.
Internal disputes not related to Kurdish politics have
also caused massive out-migration from a few communities.
In this community one young man from one of the
two tribes was killed. The members of the other tribe
had to leave fearing revenge.
In many parts of the region, especially in
mountainous terrain, the evacuation of the
villages caused a phenomenon previously
unknown: wild pigs multiplied in enormous
numbers and are destroying the crops. Even
when the communities are increasingly more
secure (“from the terrorists”) to return, they can
no longer get a harvest. The communities that
opted for the guard system and stayed in place
enjoyed the advantage of continuous agricultural
income and lesser threat from wild pigs.
Clear Titles Are Available in
Some cases
Those who are resident land owners with clear titles that
belong to a single household present the least challenge. If
these households, although perhaps a minority, have a
nuclear structure without adult children there would be
only one major concern: the land would be registered on
the name of the husband only. Should there be cash
compensation, this would be paid directly to the husband.
If there are adult children and their father has the title to
his own name, these children would not have additional
resettlement entitlements.
Unregistered Land of nuclear families can
be registered and compensated
Complications arise when owners are already displaced. The
least problematic situation is when displaced owners have title
deeds. If the evacuated communities are safe to return and
accessible for the work of the officials, ownership can also be
established. There are however inaccessible communities without
security clearance and these would present problems for receipt
of entitlements. This is a situation unique to Ilisu.
Multiple Claims to Land are widespread
because of prevalence of Extended
Families
Solution of multiple claims of large numbers of
joint owners would be particularly difficulties
where land titles are lacking. The registration
system might be substantially delayed should
opposition arise from either resident or absentee
owners.
One owner with multiple wives,
multiple sons can be found easily
Yet another widespread situation derives from
the fact that lands were originally owned by one
person with multiple wives and many sons. The
third and fourth generation owners, sometimes
as many as 100 adult male heirs, have joint title
to lands that spread over many communities.
Those that will be affected are expecting that
land will be made available to them in other
shared properties. This, however, may not
happen in all cases without problems and thus
land disputes that might arise would block the
chances of large numbers to having access to
compensation.
Land Tenure: Tenants
Yet another rather unique situation concerns those large numbers of resident farmer
who make a good living by leasing land primarily, but not exclusively, from absentee
owners. These farmers would be entitled for compensation for their homes or for
state assisted resettlement, however they are bound to lose income without legal
recourse.
Land Tenure: Clear Titles
Those who are resident land owners with clear titles that
belong to a single household present the least challenge. If
these households, although perhaps a minority, have a
nuclear structure without adult children there would be
only one major concern: the land would be registered on
the name of the husband only. Should there be cash
compensation, this would be paid directly to the husband.
If there are adult children and their father has the title to
his own name, these children would not have additional
resettlement entitlements.
C opyri ght Ayse Kuda t 2000
Not all improvements on land
are made by the land owners
Yet another complication relates to the quality of the
land. Some (few) landowners have installed artesian
wells on their land and use/lease it as irrigated land.
Others may have installed it on the river and these
systems are movable. Many others lease their dry land
the tenant installs the irrigation scheme. During
valuation of these lands, problems are likely to arise
and people have already anticipated “win-win”
situations that would maximize the return to land
owners.
LAND VALUES ARE DIFFICULT TO CALCULATE
“Irrigated land in Diyarbakir/ Batman area costs
between $1000-$3000/decares, but no one sells.
They wait until the time of expropriation. They
would then sell it or demand for it $5000.
Past investments in land have been limited. Almost
no one sells their land and it is thus difficult to
accurately establish land values
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hasankeyf
Invest money in land
Inhabited Settlements
Do not invest money in land
LAND TENURE: THE SITUATION OF WOMEN
Women in the area are not given land. The fact that most marriages occur
within similar socio-economic classes and often among first cousins or other
kin, usually results in women sharing the family wealth through their
husbands rather than through their fathers (and lacking title in both cases).
However, large number of people keep moving to cities and some have moved
to western Turkey a decade or two ago. Women who have lived and perhaps
worked outside their traditional setting may also start laying claims on land.
This too, while benefiting some women, would result in legal blockages to any
one owner’s ability to take compensation payments.
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
CONSULTATIONS AND
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
A large number of stakeholders are involved in the
construction of the Ilisu Dam and the
preparation/implementation of the RAP.
Stakeholders have very different income levels and
sources of wealth. They also have very diverse and
sometimes conflicting interests and preferences.
A good start has been made in consulting some of the
key stakeholders, especially through the socioeconomic survey of 2,000 households. However,
consultation needs to include systematically all key
stakeholders.
International experience has shown that participation:
(a) enhances the appropriateness and relevance of RAPs and makes
it more likely that implementation will be successful; and
(b) increases the commitment and support of stakeholders, not simply
for the RAP but for the overall dam project.
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONSULTATIONS
ARE HELD WITH STAKEHOLDERS
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS
AFFECTED
POPULATIONS
LANDLESS
WOMEN
LANDLORDS
LOCAL NGOS
HOST
POPULATIONS
INTERNATIONAL
NGOS
DISPLACED POPULATIONS
POLITICAL GROUPS
TURKISH
LIVESTOCK
THE POOR
CULTURAL HERITAGE
GOVERNMENT
MANAGERS
GROUPS GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF RURAL SERVICES
DSI REGIONAL OFFICE
PUBLIC SECTOR
CITY GOVERNORS
GAP REGIONAL OFFICE
FARMERS
5 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
PRIVATE SECTOR
CONSORTIUM COMPANIES
DSI
Consultations carried out for RAP
preparation constitute a good start
• Most people are informed and over 2,000 households were
approached through a recent socio-economic survey
concerning their preferences.
• Not all, however, are informed of their rights under the
Law,
especially
with
respect
to
resettlement
arrangements. Some believe that they can ask for cash
compensation for their land, credit for their economic
activities, as well as a new home. According to the existing
procedures, they will be informed by DSI but only once a
final decision on the dam is reached.
• A new baseline and a well funded systematic information
campaigns are included in the first phase of the
resettlement implementation plan.
Displaced people are difficult to locate.
The city of Siirt is host to
a large number of them and
the neighborhoods that they cluster around
can be located.
Consultations have been carried out in many communities.
Partially affected communities are supportive of the dam.
•Despite being on the river bank, the peasants of Oymatas have
limited irrigation capabilities due to lack of financial resources.
“There has to be at least 30 billion TL ($50,000) or an aga
(landlord) to set up an irrigation system”. With a maximum
arable land of 200-300 decares, drought poses a key constraint
for agriculture. 15 households are landless. As a source of
income, in addition to getting paid for being guards, they do
fishing and go to Istanbul for seasonal work. For a household
involved in agriculture, annual income from agriculture (cotton)
is 2.5 billion TL (4160 $) per year.
•Residents of Oymabas have highly positive opinions about the
dam. “We want the dam to be built. If there is a dam, they are
going to pay for our houses. Our land is higher, we can continue
to cultivate with more water, and use the money”. The dam is
going to provide them water that they’ve been longing for.
The landless perform tenant farming for a living.
Those with larger land holdings expand their
cultivation by renting more land.
DO YOU WORK AS A SHARECROPPER, TENANT OR A PAID
PERSON?
YES NO
100
80
PERCENT O F
HO USEHO LDS
60
40
20
0
LANDLESS
1-50 da
OVER 50 da
LAND OWNERSHIP
TOTAL
DID YOU EARN CASH INCOME FROM AGRICULTURE IN
1999?
70
60
50
PERCENT
OF
HOUSEHOLDS
40
30
20
10
0
LANDLESS
1-50 da
OVER 50 da
LAND OWNERSHIP
YES
NO
TOTAL
INCOME LEVEL BY TYPE OF LAND OWNERSHIP
1200
1000
800
US $
600
400
200
0
LANDLESS
1-50 da
OVER 50 da
LAND OWNERSHIP
AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME PER CAPITA
AVERAGE MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
TOTAL MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
TOTAL
Sale of agricultural products during the 1999
season has been substantial even in the
Hasankeyf town
Inhabited
Settlement
Hasankeyf
0
20
40
Have agricultural products
60
80
100
Do not have agricultural products
OWNERSHIP OF DEEDS/TITLES
100
90
80
70
60
PERCENT
50
HOUSEHOLDS
40
30
20
10
0
DEED/TITLE
OWNERSHIP
BISMIL
DSI SURVEY 2000
OTHER AREAS
Historic Town of Hasankeyf
History of Hasankeyf dates back thousands of years. Each
civilization has left its mark on the town. Yet the most
interesting site is the city tower which was built on stories
of caves. The landscape of the region has created thousands
of caves are that still hosting two families in the case of
Hasankeyf.
The History of Hasankeyf is
Still not known to most of its
Hasankeyf is claimed to have provided home to
residents
settlers in ancient Mesopotamia as many as 10,000
years ago. Many civilizations have inhabited the
city, with its built and natural cave elements
constantly developing. Byzantines, Sassanides,
Omayyads, Abbasides, Hamdanides, Mervanides,
Artuks, Eyyubians and Ottomans are all said to
have contributed to its history. Therefore, the
government took the town, in its entirety, under
complete archeological and environmental
protection through a relevant law.
Some residents now ask why over the past 20
years they were not allowed to build and develop
the city if in another 10 years it was to be
destroyed in any case.
They are also unclear who some sites are declared
as “protected areas” if they are not to be protected.
The people in Hasankeyf say that they understand
and personally experience energy problems. Yet
they are not convinced that alternatives have been
pursued and all costs are considered.
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
LAND OWNERSHIP
Poverty and landlessness is
widespread. The long lasting
drought, inaccessibility of some
pasture land and displacement
due to lack of peace have all
contributed to worsening the
recent situation of some.
What was once the village
school, has evolved into a
home for two poor families in
Yurekveren Village
Bedia is a wife of one of the families.
She is 17 years old and already has
three children, and she comments that
she does not want anymore. Her
husband is a shepherd. They were
placed in the school because of poverty
along with another poor family.
Displaced populations have left behind all their land. No information is available on
land distribution prior to their displacement. The fact that an increasing number are
applying for permission to return indicates that many do have property. The analysis of
a small sample of displaced people shows that about one half owned land prior to their
displacement.
Fewer of the vacant villages have land registration
Affected Settlements
Vacant
46%
Inhabited
54%
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Land registration
available
Fully affected
No land registration
Partially affected
Land registration
available
Fully affected
No land registration
Partially affected
Some displaced farmers work as
sharecroppers/tenant farmers living in rental
homes in the region
Land tenure arrangements are highly
differentiated and related closely to entitlements.
Several tenure categories create particular
challenges, not typical of resettlement cases
previously documented.
Landless Households
% Landless Households
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Batman
Diyarbakir
Mardin
Siirt
Source: 1999 Village Headmen Survey
Village headmen from affected communities report substantial
proportion of landless. Some of these poor live on livestock
management and/or agricultural labor; they have been residents for
generations. Others have moved in the last 2 decades and continue
to move as tenant farmers. There are also large numbers of
seasonal workers brought in from other provinces or to a smaller
degree, from the impact region. These work for landlords, travel in
families and live under the most deplorable circumstances.
Absentee land owners are widespread. According to the
headman survey (1999) the majority of the affected
communities have absentee land owners.
Land Ownership
Percentage of Absentee Land Owners
70
60
50
40
%
30
20
10
0
Batman
Diyarbakir
Mardin
Siirt
LANDOWNERSHIP PER CAPITA BY PROVINCE
300
250
DECARES
200
150
DIYARBAKIR
100
SIIRT
MARDIN
50
SIRNAK
BATMAN
0
1
5
9
13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
PERCENT OF POPULATION
Per capita land ownership is extremely inequitable. While half of
the households do not own any land, a few landlords may own one
or more village communities.
Cultivated area is somewhat better distributed than ownership
because many families work as tenant farmers
HOUSEHOLD LAND OWNERSHIP, CULTIVATED AREA, AND FAM ILY
HOLDINGS
3000
FAMILY HOLDING LAND
2500
TITLED LAND
CULTIVATED LAND
DECARES
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
PERCENT OF POPULATION
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
INCOME GROUPS BY PROVINCE %
(percent of HouseHould)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Diyarbakir
POOR
LOW INCOME
Siirt
Sirnak
MIDDLE INCOME
RICH
INCOME PER CAPITA YEAR BY INCOME
GROUPS, US$
6000
5000
US$
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
POOR
LOW
INCOME
MIDDLE
INCOME
RICH
LAND OWNERSHIP OF HOUSEHOLDS BY
INCOME GROUPS (De)
600
500
DECARES
400
300
200
100
0
POOR
LOW INCOME
MIDDLE INCOME
RICH
PROPORTION CULTIVATING LAND
BY INCOME GROUP (% of HH)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
YES
NO
POOR
LOW
INCOME
MIDDLE
INCOME
RICH
HOUSEHOLD PARTICIPATION IN SEASONAL WORK
BY INCOME GROUP (%of HH)
100%
%
of
H
H
80%
no
60%
yes
40%
20%
0%
POOR
LOW
INCOME
MIDDLE
INCOME
RICH
Total monthly household income of
income groups ($ US)
3000
2500
US$
2000
1500
1000
500
0
POOR
LOW
INCOME
MIDDLE
INCOME
RICH
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
IRRIGATION
Large segments of the impact area are irrigated with direct
investments from the people. Thus, whether the state would
expand irrigation after the Ilisu dam is built is not of direct
concern to the affected populations
Is this land irrigated ?
100
90
80
70
% Irrigated Land
60
50
Sugarcane fields: Irrigation is
40
30
carried out by artesian wells
20
10
0
Siirt
Batman
Diyarbakir
Mardin
Sirnak
Village Headmen Survey: 1999
Only a few communities in Sirnak and Siirt were sampled; thus the distortion in the graph.
Irrigation
There are many implications of this situation for the
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and its implementation.
(a)
Land values would be higher than originally expected and
thus the expropriation costs might be substantially higher than the
average present value paid for other recent dams in the area (DSI’s most
recent estimates are 2,000,000,000 TL/donum ($3,200/decare). Indeed,
land owners who made heavy irrigation investments in their land have
expectations close to $7,000/decare.
(b)
Displaced or other tenant farmers may suffer due to loss of
access to lands they are currently irrigating.
(c)
The current inequity in having access to irrigation would be
reduced.
(d)
The current inequity of the more influential farmers getting
subsidized or free energy used for irrigation purposes would be reduced.
Is this land irrigated ?
Water is pumped
from Tigris to the
fields
…and distributed via pipes to the
surrounding land for flood irrigation
Tenants install irrigation schemes
IRRIGATION IN THE SARI VILLAGE:
The Sari village and several nearby communities are all owned by one family jointly. Each
plot has a title but is registered to the name of the grand father of younger generation
farmers. Thus, there are 50-100 claims on each plot. A young men together with his father
and brothers, has started a new business.
“We rent dry land at 3 million TL, install pumps and pipes on it, and rent it out for 12
million. The family who rents pays the rent in advance as we do. This pays for pipes. This
year, I paid 3 billion for rental and 14 billion for irrigation. After getting paid by the tenant
I will lose some 5 billion, but next year, I will lease the same land for 30-50 million, not for
12. From next year on, it will all be profit. If the landowner does not extend my lease it does
not matter. There are other lands and I can easily move my pumps and pipes”.
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP
•Livestock Management
•Livestock management is an important source of income. Its ownership is highly inequitable as is
income derived from livestock management.
•Landless families rely on their small stock for subsistence. Because of security concerns their
access to pasture and other grazing lands has been constrained. Families with larger plots of land
own substantial livestock and earn large amounts of cash income.
•A great majority of displaced families do not have livestock because of their urban based survival
strategy.
•In Hasankeyf, most families do not own any livestock.
•Women are the primary managers of livestock among all classes of families.
•The extent to which the Ilisu Dam will constrain access to grazing areas is not known. Given that
riverbanks are used for grazing during the summer indicates that the impact will be considerable.
These need to be estimated to complete the RAP.
•The landless have a greater tendency to ask for state support in resettlement. They also rely on
livestock for subsistence. Given difficulties in accommodating resettlers in rural areas, urban
resettlement will deprive the landless of an important source of income. It is therefore essential
that a strategy be designed to enhance marketable urban based skills of the landless families. This
also applies to women.
Livestock management is a key source of in-kind income for the
landless families; others maintain larger herds and earn cash
incomes as well.
LANDLESS
FAMILIES
SHEEP
CATTLE
1-50 DECARES
LANDOWNERS
50 PLUS
DECARE
LANDOWNERS
12.38
17.21
39.91
1.64
2.12
2.74
About a quarter of inhabited communities do not
own any Livestock. Those in Hasankeyf and
displaced less seldom manage livestock.
(Fully Affected Settlements)
74
Displaced
Communities
26
24
Inhabited
Settlements
Do not own livestock
Own livestock
76
82
Hasankeyf
18
Livestock ownership in partially affected inhabited
settlements follow the the exception of Hasankeyf
Do not own
livestock
25%
Own livestock
75%
SHEEP AND GOAT OWNERSHIP
400
350
SHEEP AND GOAT
300
ALL HH
DIYARBAKIR
250
BATMAN
SIIRT
200
MARDIN
150
SIRNAK
100
50
0
1
5
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
PERECENT OF PEOPLE
Almost all families own a few sheep and goats. More than 17% own more than 50 animals. In Siirt,
livestock management is particularly widespread and the accumulation of large stocks in a few
hands is particularly visible. With respect to resettlement, the highly distorted distribution of
income, livestock and other assets all point to less severe asset losses for the poor and a greater
flexibility on their part to enter other income generating work sectors, should they become
available.
Hasankeyf
19%
Livestock
management is
limited in Hasankeyf
Inhabited
settlements
81%
25
20
Livestock
production and sale
is an important
source of income in
inhabited
settlements
Hasankeyf
Inhabited settlements
15
10
5
0
Sold cattle
Sold sheep/goat
Sold animal
products
SHEEP AND GOAT OWNERSHIP-HASANKEYF EXCLUDED
400,0
350,0
SHEEP AND GOAT
300,0
ALL HH
DIYARBAKIR
250,0
BATMAN
SIIRT
200,0
MARDIN
150,0
SIRNAK
100,0
50,0
0,0
1
5
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
PERECENT OF PEOPLE
COMPARISON OF BISMIL AND OTHER AREAS: ANIMAL
OWNERSHIP
IMPACTED SETTLEMENTS: LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP
50
40
30
20
10
0
CATTLE:O WNERS
O NLY
BISMIL
DSI SURVEY 2000
CATTLE:ALL
HO USEHO LDS
OTHER AREAS
SHEEP O R
SHEEP O R GO AT:ALL
GO AT:O WNERS O NLY
HO USEHO LDS
LANDOWNERSHIP PER CAPITA BY PROVINCE
DIYARBAKIR
300,0
SIIRT
MARDIN
250,0
SIRNAK
BATMAN
DECARES
200,0
150,0
100,0
50,0
0,0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97
PERCENT OF POPULATION
Livestock production has been substantially reduced when large areas of the
region, especially the pastures, were made inaccessible for security reasons.
Hasan has been a shepherd for as long as he remembers. He is contracted by a number of
families from the village. His permanent home,where his school-age children and wife stay most of the
time, is in a small town nearby. During six to seven months of the year village sheep and goats are
herded in pastures or lands near the river. With pastures far less accessible during the past 10 to 15
years, he has been grazing the stock on harvested fields. Hasan is given a room to stay in the village
and has brought his wife and son along. His wife attends to the cooking and cleaning and stays at home.
He and his son herd the animals until dark and return them to the stables in the evenings. He cares for
a herd of about 150 animals and receives $200 a month.
In-kind incomes are largely underestimated
and would be a major loss for low income
families. Livestock management is a very
important source of livelihood in the area.
Many families that are landless generate
income from sheep and goat keeping
primarily for subsistence. Families that are
able to maintain a substantial herd size, can
make a good living. Others, make a living
as shepherds. Some shepherds are rural
residents. Others, keep an urban base and
herd the livestock of a group of families.
Women are the primary managers of livestock:
Resettlement may drain their income
substantially
Case: Fatma
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
HOST COMMUNITIES
The host community impacts of the project will derive primarily from the
estimated affected population of 52,000 currently residing in their communities;
those displaced have so far not suffered themselves but have added to the
unemployment pressures widespread throughout the region. The host
communities, especially those in the region, might be adversely affected should
nothing else change in the next decade. Currently, the cities of Diyarbakir,
Batman, Siirt, Sirnak and Mardin are full of people who are unemployed.
Among many benefits expected are the
use of labor for dam construction and
the provision of some building
materials and range of services. Once
the project is completed, from energy
to tourism many other additional
benefits are expected to vitalize the
cities. If the host environments are
thus changed, the immigration of
project affected populations to these
cities might not have adverse impacts.
•In Diyarbakir, there is a settlement site available allocated
for the use of the General Directorate of Village Affairs.
This site can accommodate nearly 1800 families should
there be a demand.
• In Siirt, there are a number of opportunities
within the city.
• In Sirnak,
resettlement sites are
available and some of
the displaced
populations are being
settled.
Resettlement area allocated in Diyarbakir
The office already has land planned for
settlement of 2800 households at the district of 500
Evler- a location that is 8-10 km out of Diyarbakir.
For those who wish to be resettled in Diyarbakir by
state support, the state will construct individual
houses.
In the past subsidies investments have resulted in enormous
wastage of resources. In Ilisu care should be given to ensure
success of employment creating investments.
Development agencies fear that people may waste
the compensation payments they receive by going
into business they know little about and thus fall
into destitution. They, therefore, feel that it would
be important for the state to guide all affected
people.
The Ilisu impact region displays rich examples of
the failure of state supported, subsidized
investments (tesvik) once popular to ensure the
development of the region. The influential people
of the region, many of landed origin, have sought
and received highly subsidized credits to establish
“employment generating” industrial enterprises. It
is said that many took the credit and used it for
other purposes. In any case, they never completed
the projects for which they sought support.
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND
AND RESETTLEMENT
EXPERIENCE WITH OTHER
DAMS
Legislative Background and Previous Resettlement Experience in Turkey
There is an adequate legislative basis for expropriation and resettlement.
Implementation of these laws has been constrained by institutional weaknesses
and inadequate budgets.
Institutional responsibility for resettlement should be coordinated by one agency
not fragmented.
Sufficient funds should be budgeted, and then allocated in a timely fashion on an
annual basis.
Even more serious constraints come from shortage of rural land for resettlement.
In the past 30 years resettlement was provided for about 100 families annually.
Given past performance it will be a challenge for the state to meet fully people’s
resettlement expectations.
LAND EXPROPRIATION
The current expropriation procedures of DSI consist of:
 Obtaining ministerial approval for public interest.
 Preparation of expropriation plans including cadastral surveys,
data collection and mapping.
 Notification of affected populations about expropriation.
 Valuation of immovable assets.
 Compensation.
Two main laws deal with the concerns of affected populations:

Expropriation Law (no. 2942).

Resettlement Law (no.2510).
© Ayse Kudat 2000
Resettlement
© Ayse Kudat 2000
• DSI, based on the Turkish law, tries to resettle affected
communities within 15 km of their original villages.
• This may be possible if land is available: upper elevations
for a group of houses. The past experience shows,
however, that this objective is rarely achieved.
Resettlement
• Bottlenecks to resettlement arrangements are many, ranging
from institutional weaknesses, to budgeting.
• Resettlement land, because of the legal requirement to resettle
communities collectively, is becoming increasingly difficult to
find. Treasury lands are largely not available or have been
cultivated by the people. The privately owned lands are
expensive. The state is sometimes forced to acquire land to
resettle people (and at a high cost)
• Thus, increasingly lands provided for resettled communities
are not particularly of good quality. Coupled with their limited
size, they do not provide adequate living for affected families.
© Ayse Kudat 2000
Resettlement Cost
Compensation Equation
K=R/F
Where K= Value/ expropriation compensation
R= Net income
F= Capitalization rate
(risk of the capital invested in agricultural land. It is an average ratio between
per unit price of agricultural land and the land’s income in a region).
Resettlement houses
Resettlement Solutions
The General Directorate of Rural Services is well behind in its
delivery of resettlement housing. Although it pays resettlers’ rent for
the first two years while they are waiting to be resettled, thereafter
the people are on their own. It is excessively optimistic to expect
that affected populations will be resettled in a timely manner if
reliance on existing institutional arrangements continue.These are
suggested solutions:
• DSI could more aggressively pursue changes in the existing legal framework so
that the agencies that cause involuntary resettlement would carry the sole
responsibility for all land acquisition and resettlement arrangements.
• DSI would initiate contacts and pursue possibilities for construction firms to
share responsibility with resettlement arrangements.
• DSI would minimally ensure that people who want to be resettled in their
respective communities are assisted without any delay. It may be possible for the
consortium members to contribute to this effort on a grant basis.
• Should all other efforts fail, DSI would seek special arrangements for Ilisu so
that the General Directorate of Rural Services would receive earmarked budget
allocations to construct resettlement housing without any delay.
• Special campaigns are made to establish resettlement preferences of displaced
populations within 3 months of the final decision to proceed with the Ilisu Dam
construction.
FAMILIES AWAITING RESETTLEMENT
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
NOMADS
FORCED RESETTLEMENT
DAMS UNDER
CONSTRUCTION
COMPLETED DAMS
0
TOTAL
RURAL
URBAN
RESETTLEMENT CONTEXT
MOST OF THE
AFFECTED
POPULATIONS
HAVE REQUESTED
RURAL
RESETTLEMENT,
BUT THERE ARE
SEVERE
CONSTRAINTS IN
THE ABILITY OF
THE STATE TO
FIND SUITABLE
LAND.
RESETTLEMENT PROVIDED BY THE STATE 1970-1999
BORDER
IMMIGRANTS
FOREST
COAL
RESERVES
DAMS
NOMADS
46
19
81
67
100
Border
56
33
Immigra
nts
81
RESETTLEMENT CONTEXT
KHGM:2000
Urban
Rural
19
Forest
54
Coal
Reserves
44
Nomads
150
100
50
0
Dams
PERCENT OF
HOUSEHOLDS
Number of Households per Resettlement Context
IN THE PAST
ABOUT HALF OF
THE RESETTLERS
WERE PLACED IN
RURAL AREAS.
120%
100%
80%
1%
16%
44%
99%
100%
BOYABAT
KEPEZ DAM
IN SAMSUN
100%
BOYABAT
KEPEZ DAM
IN SINOP
60%
84%
40%
56%
20%
BOYABAT
KEPEZ DAM
IN CORUM
YAMULA
DAM IN
KAYSERI
0%
KAYRAKTEPE
DAM IN ICEL
PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS RESETTLING IN
URBAN VS. RURAL AREAS
PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION FOR WHICH
RESETTLEMENT SITES AND CULTIVATABLE LAND
HAVE NOT BEEN FOUND: WHERE WILL HOUSEHOLDS RESETTLE?
DAMS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
URBAN
RURAL
Resettlement homes are built for various social groups: those
affected by dams, nomadic tribes wishing to settle down, those
affected by natural disasters, and recently, those from displaced
communities. No systematic information about them is available.
Casual interviews reveal high levels of unemployment and
difficulties in generating sustained income.
THE ILISU DAM
RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
RESETTLEMENT PREFERENCES
Among the fully affected settlements the majority of the displaced
people regard the dam to be beneficial as opposed to settled
communities in Hasankeyf and other towns.
80
Fully affected
towns and
villages
70
60
50
40
30
80
20
70
60
10
50
0
Hasankeyf
Dam will be beneficial
Other inhabited
settlements
Displaced communities
Dam will not be beneficial
40
30
No idea
20
10
0
Partially affected towns and villages
Inhabited settlements
Dam will be beneficial
Dam will not be beneficial
No idea
In partially affected settlements the dam is favored
Partially Affected Settlements
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Inhabited settlements
Dam will be beneficial
Dam will not be beneficial
No idea
100%
Will the dam be
beneficial?
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hasankeyf
Dam will have benefits
Inhabited settlements
Dam does not have any benefits
No idea
25
Hasankeyf
20
Inhabited Settlements
15
10
5
More than half outside Hasankeyf
believe that the Ilisu dam will be
beneficial to them and over a fifth
believe that displacement will not
create any personal problems.
0
Dam won't
cause any
problems
Loss of Life struggle Migration
productive
land
Major
Miss village
problems
during
resettlement
Others
What problems is the dam expected to cause?
25
Female
respondents also
differed in their
perception of
problems
associated with the
dam
20
15
10
5
0
No Problems Struggle to Migration
make a living
Male
Female
What are the expectations from the
government?
Major
problems
expected
during
resettlement
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Solve the deed Give credit
problem
Male
Pay the
correct
expropriation
Female
Major problems during
resettlement
8%
Other
7%
No problem
23%
Migration
21%
Loss of productive land
21%
Life struggle
20%
Community consultations show that people in partially affected communities
where only a small portion of the lands are expected to be affected look
forward to the dam’s construction.
Most people do not want state assisted
resettlement
Partially affected
Fully affected
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
30
40
20
30
10
20
0
•
•
HH %
10
Self-resettlement
73
0
With state support
18
Resettlement with
credit
5
No Response
5
HH%
Self-resettlement
80
With state support
15
Resettlement with credit
5
No Response
0
Turkey’s experience points to a low level of requests for state assisted
resettlement. People prefer to act on their own, moving where jobs and
kin are. With historically high levels of rural/urban and eastern/western
outmigration, many have close kin in urban areas and in western Turkey.
On average, about 15% of affected populations ask for state assistance. In
the recent Batman dam this was 15% and in the case of Ilisu it is 17%.
Characteristics of those who prefer selfresettlement
Mean household size
Mean monthly total expenditure
7.28
$216.35
Mean total annual income
$2805.71
Mean total monthly income
$233.14
Mean income from agricultural
work (previous year)
Land Ownership
$2577.55
Mean land Size
85%
213.01
Characteristics of those that prefer state
assisted resettlement
Mean household size
Mean monthly total expenditure
6.95
$159.55
Mean total annual income
Mean total monthly income
Mean income from agricultural
work (previous year)
Land ownership
$1972.98
$164.41
$1756.64
Mean land Size
160.08
63.1%
THE MAJORITY PREFERS TO SETTLE
IN URBAN AREAS
700
600
500
400
HOUSEHOLDS
300
200
100
0
Fully affected
Urban areas within the region
Rural areas within the region
Others
Partially affected
Urban areas outside the region
Rural areas outside the region
IS THERE A SOLUTION
NO
DAM SHOULD NOT BE BUILT
LET US DISCUSS WHY RESETTLEMENT
PLANS FOR SUCH A PROJECT WILL NOT
BE ACCEPTABLE TO LENDERS