Transcript Using Biosurfactants Produced from Agriculture Process

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
& CO2 Storage
Prof. Jenn-Tai Liang
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering
Department
The University of Kansas
Capture, purification, reuse &
storage of CO2
Costs of Capture:

Highly location, technology, energy costs,
etc. dependent.

Estimated cost of capture: US$23 ~
$53/t.*
* Herzog, MIT 2006
Capture, purification, reuse &
storage of CO2
Costs of Transportation & Storage:

Highly location, method, energy costs,
etc. dependent.

Estimated cost: US$2.92 ~ $4.86/t.*
* Herzog, MIT 2006
Capture, purification, reuse &
storage of CO2
Opportunity Cost:

Estimated opportunity cost for substantial
capture & storage activity: US$25 ~ $35/t.*
* Herzog, MIT 2006
Capture, purification, reuse &
storage of CO2
Is geological storage safe?

With careful site selection and
characterization, it is generally
considered safe to store CO2 in
geological formations.
Capture, purification, reuse &
storage of CO2
Issues with storage in other countries:

Increased costs and risks of leakage
during transportation.

Global carbon credit trading not
established.

Difficulties in monitoring & verification.
Geologic Sequestration

Oil & Gas Reservoirs
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
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Enhanced oil recovery*
Enhanced gas recovery in gas condensate reservoirs*
Depleted oil & gas reservoirs
Reservoir pressure maintenance*
Saline Aquifers
Coal Beds
–
Enhanced coal bed methane recovery*
* income generating
Geologic Sequestration
Near-term, low-volume implementation:
 Store high purity CO2 in local
hydrocarbon reservoirs or saline aquifers.
 Suitable for industries producing high
purity CO2.
Geologic Sequestration
Long-term, large-scale implementation:
 Store CO2 in deep saline aquifers.
 Takes decades to build expensive
infrastructures for capture and
transportation.
Geologic Sequestration
Key issues:
 Costs associated with the CCS.
 Storage capacity of venues selected.
 Containment longevity.
 Monitoring & verification
Geologic Sequestration
Cost issues:
 CCS is expensive.
 Needs income generating potential for
industries to implement.
 Carbon tax credits or government
subsidy required for large-scale
implementation.
Geologic Sequestration
Storage-capacity issues:


Requires good geologic model.
Need reservoir simulation for CO2
movement and trapping.
–

Simulation must couple flow, phase,
geochemical, geomechanical models.
Storage capacity estimates must be
conservative and Monte Carlo simulation
should be used to address uncertainties.
Geologic Sequestration
Monitoring issues:

Monitoring strategy should be site specific and
risk based:
–

Risk profile differs in different geological
formations.
Best developed monitoring methods:
–
–
–
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Seismic
Pressure
Vegetative stress
Eddy covariance and flux accumulation chamber
Geologic Sequestration
Verification issues:


Detection limit and precision of measurements
must be established to insure accurate and
cost-effective inventory accounting.
Methods for establishing detection limit:
– Fraction of background CO2 flux
– Prescribed CO2 flux
– Specified CO2 emission per year
– Percent of CO2 will be injected
Where should Taiwan be heading?
Learn from others first (do not reinvent the wheel):
CCS Consortia:
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CO2NET, CO2NET3, CO2ReMoVe (EU-funded consortia)
CCP, GCEP (Industry-funded consortia)
GEODISC, CO2CRC (Australia)
Commercial Projects:
–
–
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Weyburn project – CO2 EOR (EnCana)
Salah project – Saline formation (BP)
Sleipner project – CO2-rich gas reservoir (Statoil)
Pilot projects:
–
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Nagaoka pilot (RITE of Japan)
Frio Brine pilot (Texas BEG)
Where should Taiwan be heading?
Things can be done “NOW”:
 Survey suitable geological formations for CO2 storage.
 Gain site assessment experience using wellcharacterized CPC gas reservoirs:
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use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate storage capacity,
use reservoir model to simulate long-term CO2 trapping and
movements,
establish risk profile and develop monitoring strategy,
evaluate sub- and above-surface monitoring methods,
estimate costs.
Where should Taiwan be heading?
Roles of industries, government, and academia:


Oil and gas industry, geological surveys, and academia
need to work together to identify sites that can be used
to store CO2 safely, near permanently, and cost
effectively.
Government should sponsor pilot demonstration
projects to validate findings from feasibility studies.
Where should Taiwan be heading?
Roles of industries, government, and academia:



Government should sponsor outreach program through
education, forums to gain public support.
The outreach program should address the status of
current technological developments and the risks
involved in CCS.
Including NGOs’ views in an objective fashion is crucial
to gaining public acceptance.