Transcript DSC Cloud – Semantic Effort

Towards an Ontology of Military
Plans and Planning
Barry Smith
http://ncor.buffalo.edu/plan-ontology
National Center for Ontological Research, Buffalo
with thanks to Peter Morosoff (e-maps)
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Military Doctrine
• a guide to action, rather than hard and fast
rules
• provides a common frame of reference across
the military helps standardize operations by
establishing common ways of accomplishing
military tasks
• facilitating readiness by allowing common
ways of training
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Military Doctrine feeds into Military
Planning
• Doctrine provides an authoritative body of
consistent* statements on
– how military forces conduct (joint) operations
– how military plans are to be constructed
• provides a common lexicon
– which must be used by military planners and leaders
– which will be what those charged with execution of
military plans will anticipate and understand
*ideally
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Why does DoD need a dictionary?
For people (people need to understand each
other)
• Training (Developing doctrine, …)
• Planning (Joint operations, SOPs, …)
• Executing (C2, …)
• Reporting, Outcomes evaluation, lessons learned
For machines
• Compiling data (e.g. results of testing …)
• Sharing of data (Compiling lessons learned …)
• Collective inferencing
Thesaurus
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“Plan” in CALL Thesaurus
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Planning (Definition in CALL Thesaurus)
• Definition/Scope: (ADP 3-0) Planning is the art and
science of understanding a situation, envisioning a
desired future, and laying out effective ways of
bringing about that future. Planning consists of two
separate but closely related components: a conceptual
component and a detailed component. Successful
planning requires integrating both these components.
Army leaders employ three methodologies for planning
after determining the appropriate mix based on the
scope of the problem, their familiarity with it, and the
time available.
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Planning
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Thesaurus
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Thesaurus
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CALL Thesaurus has features of an
ontology
• Evolutionary
• Hierarchical
• Controlled vocabulary
• Machine readable
but not:
• Common upper-level architecture
• Logically consistent definitions
• Machine processable (no reasoning)
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Digitalizing doctrine (the ideal)
• associate with each term in JP 1.0 a URL
• formulate authoritative definitions of each term
in OWL
• use these terms as basis for computational
definitions of terms at lower levels in the
hierarchy, incorporating hyperlinks to the JP 1.0
URLs
• use OWL reasoners for computer-aided
consistency checking
The reality is different. Focus here on planning
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DoD Instruction 8320.02, August 5, 2013
Sharing Data, Information, and Information Technology
(IT) Services in the Department of Defense
• requires that ‘all salient metadata be discoverable,
searchable, and retrievable’ through use of the
DSE (= DoD Data Services Environment )
BUT Even if all authoritative sources were registered
at DSE, it would not achieve its goal because
– Heterogeneous definitions and descriptions
– No benefits of inferencing and of rapid
introduction and definition of new terms
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Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
A simple top-level ontology to support
information integration
Defining a framework that will help to
ensure consistency and non-redundancy
of the ontologies created in its terms
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Examples of Users of BFO
I2WD Ontologies (http://milportal.org)
cROP Ontologies
EnvO Environment Ontology
US Army Biometrics Ontology
NIF Standard (Neuroscience) Ontologies
OAE Ontology of Adverse Events
OBO Foundry Ontologies
OGMS Ontology for General Medical Science
IDO Infectious Disease Ontologies (NIAID)
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RELATION
CONTINUANT
TO TIME
INDEPENDENT
OCCURRENT
DEPENDENT
GRANULARITY
ORGAN AND
ORGANISM
CELL AND
CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MOLECULE
Organism
(NCBI
Taxonomy)
Cell
(CL)
Anatomica
l Entity
(FMA,
CARO)
Organ
Function
(FMP,
CPRO)
Cellular
Cellular
Componen
Function
t
(GO)
(FMA, GO)
Molecule
(ChEBI, SO,
RnaO, PrO)
Phenotypic
Quality
(PaTO)
Molecular Function
(GO)
Biological
Process
(GO)
Molecular
Process
(GO)
The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry
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RELATION
TO TIME
CONTINUANT
INDEPENDENT
OCCURRENT
DEPENDENT
ORGAN AND
ORGANISM
CELL AND
CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MOLECULE
Organism Anatomical
(NCBI
Entity
Taxonomy) (FMA, CARO)
Cell
(CL)
Cellular
Component
(FMA, GO)
Molecule
(ChEBI, SO,
RnaO, PrO)
Environments
GRANULARITY
Organ
Function
(FMP, CPRO)
Phenotypic
Quality
(PaTO)
Biological
Process
(GO)
Cellular
Function
(GO)
Molecular Function
(GO)
Molecular Process
(GO)
Environment Ontology (EnvO)
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top level
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
mid-level
Information Artifact Ontology Ontology for Biomedical
(IAO)
Investigations (OBI)
Anatomy Ontology
(FMA*, CARO)
domain
level
Cell
Ontology
(CL)
Cellular
Component
Ontology
(FMA*, GO*)
Ontology for
General
Environment
Medical
Ontology
Science
(EnvO)
(OGMS)
CHEBI
Sequence Ontology
(SO*)
Protein Ontology
(PRO*)
Phenotypic
Quality
Ontology
(PaTO)
Biological
Process
Ontology (GO*)
Molecular
Function
(GO*)
Strategy of Modularity & Downward Population
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OGMS
Cardiovascular Disease Ontology
Genetic Disease Ontology
Cancer Disease Ontology
Genetic Disease Ontology
Immune Disease Ontology
Environmental Disease Ontology
Oral Disease Ontology
Infectious Disease Ontology
IDO Staph Aureus
IDO MRSA
IDO Australian MRSA
IDO Australian Hospital MRSA
…
Modular, downward population
approach in other domains
OBO Foundary
NIF Standard
MilPortal.org
Open Biomedical Ontologies
Neuroscience Information
Framework
Infectious Disease Ontology
Common Reference Ontologies
for Plants
Military Ontology
I2WD Ontologies
Intelligence Ontology Suite
IDO Consortium
cROP
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I2WD Ontology Team
Ron Rudnucki
CUBRC, University at Buffalo
Dr. Tatiana Malyuta
NY City College of Technology of CUNY,
Data Tactics Corp.
Col. Dr. William Mandrick
Data Tactics Corp.
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Basic Formal Ontology 1.0
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Dependent
Continuant
Occurrent
Spatial
Region
Process
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
Temporal
Region
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Root Types from LC Type Theory
 For any Verbal Representational Interaction that is constructed
from typed expressions
Slot
filling
Slot managing
Nesting Nested
Substance
Schema Role
Attribute
Thingevent
Objects
of 110
Location/Void
Actions
Monadic
Time
Complex
Space
BFO and LC Type Theory
Slot
filling
Slot managing
Nesting
Nested
Schema Role
Substance
Location/Void
Attribute
Attribute
Thingevent
Object
Process
Monadic
Time
Time
Space
Space
Complex
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Basic Formal Ontology 1.0
Continuant
Occurrent
Independent
Continuant
Dependent
Continuant
Spatial
Region
Object
Attribute
Space
Process
Action
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
Temporal
Region
Time
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Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Non-realizable
Dependent
Continuant
(quality)
Dependent
Continuant
TYPES
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
(function, role,
disposition)
..... .....
INSTANCES
depends_on
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Dependent
Continuant
thing
quality
.... .....
TYPES
example:
temperature depends
on bearer
INSTANCES
the universal eye
the universal red
instantiates
the particular case
of redness (of a
particular fly eye)
instantiates
depends
on
an instance of an
eye (in a particular
fly)
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color
anatomical structure
is_a
is_a
red
eye
instantiates
the particular case
of redness (of a
particular fly eye)
instantiates
depends
on
an instance of an
eye (in a particular
fly)
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Dependent
Continuant
Quality
Disposition
of banana,
to ripen
Realizable Dependent
Continuant
Function
of gun,
to fire bullets
Role
of employee,
to work for pay
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process of realization depends_on
realizable
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
bearer
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
disposition
Occurrent
Process of
realization
.... ..... .......
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Role (Externally-Grounded
Realizable Entity)
role =def. a realizable entity
• which exists because the bearer is in
some special physical, social, or
institutional set of circumstances in which
the bearer does not have to be, and
• is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then
the physical make-up of the bearer is
thereby changed.
Realization occurs when the bearer
exercises its role. Example: commander role
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Disposition (Internally-Grounded
Realizable Entity)
disposition =def.
a realizable entity which is such that, if it
ceases to exist, then its bearer is
physically changed, and
Realization occurs when this bearer is in
some special physical circumstances, in
virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up
PLANS ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF
DISPOSITION
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BFO-based Ontology Development
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
Information Artifact Ontology (IAO)
IAO-Intel
Email
Ontology
IAO-Science
More than 120 Ontology projects using BFO
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/users
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Information artifact
• an entity created through some deliberate act
or acts by one or more human beings, and
which endures through time, potentially in
multiple (for example digital or printed) copies
Examples: a diagram on a sheet of paper, a
document specifying three alternative courses
of action for a commander, a recipe book, a
recipe in a recipe book
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IAO: Report / IAO-Intel: Intelligence Report
IAO-Intel terms are
defined by using
terms from the
ontologies in the
yellow box via
relations such as:
• is-about
• created-by
• derives-from
and so forth
Generic Purpose Attributes
– Descriptive purpose: scientific paper, newspaper
article, after-action report
– Prescriptive purpose: legal code, license, statement
of rules of engagement
– Directive purpose: instruction, manual,
protocol
– Designative purpose: a registry of members of an
organization, a phone book, a database linking
proper names of persons with their social security
numbers
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Question
• Where do information entities such as
databases or emails fit in BFO?
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Basic Formal Ontology 1.0
Continuant
Occurrent
Process
Independent
Continuant
Dependent
Continuant
Thing
Attribute
http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/
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Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Quality
Occurrent
Dependent
Continuant
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
Disposition
Role
Process
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BFO 1.1: Specifically Dependent
Continuant
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
if any bearer ceases to exist,
then the quality or function
ceases to exist
the color of my skin
the function of my heart
Quality,
Role, Disposition
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
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Specifically Dependent Continuant
Red color
of my skin
depends_on
You
Red color
of your skin
Accidents do not migrate from
one substance to another
depends_on
Me
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Generically Dependent Continuant
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
if one bearer ceases to exist, then
the entity can survive, because
there are other bearers
(copyability)
the pdf file on my laptop
pdf file
jpg file
Gene
Sequence
the DNA (sequence) in this
chromosome
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Information artifacts
pdf file
email
poem
symphony
algorithm
symbol
– can migrate from one physical
information bearer to another
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BFO 1.1
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Quality
Disposition
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
Gene
Sequence
Information
Artifact
Role
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Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Material
Entity
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Quality
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
Gene
Sequence
Information
Artifact
Information
Bearing
Entity
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Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Material
Entity
Information
Bearing
Entity (your
hard drive
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
Quality
depends_on
Information
Quality Entity
(pattern on
your hard drive)
Information
Artifact
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BFO
Continuant
IAO
Independent
Continuant
Material
Entity
Information
Bearing
Entity
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Quality
depends_on
Information
Quality
Entity
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
Information
Content
Entity
concretized_by
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Independent
Continuant
Material
Entity
Information
Bearing
Entity
this hard drive,
that book
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Quality
depends_on
Information
Quality
Entity
this excitation
pattern,
that pattern
of piles of ink
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
Information
Content
Entity
concretized_by
universals
this pdf file,
that Target Value Matrix
instances
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http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/IAO
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Generically dependent continuants
such as plans, laws …
are concretized in specifically dependent
continuants
(the plan in your head, the protocol being
realized by your research team, the law
being implemented by this government
agency)
But these involve more than just aboutness,
they also involve oughtness
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The issue we are trying to address
here
How to understand the deontic aspect of plans
(The oughtness of plans: I have made a plan, I
am in some sense committed to the plan, some
parts of the plan are compulsory, other parts of
the plan are optional; I have authority to
command others to realize the plan …)
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Plan specification vs. Plan
• Recipe in a book vs. Recipe in your head when
you start to cook
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Plan Specification – A broader view
Locator: PlanSpec-ID,
time
Content:
• Owner
• Contributors
• Approver
• Statement of mission
value
• Contained plans
• Containing plans
• Complementary
component plans
• Parent(s) in doctrinal
62 of FILL-IN
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
hierarchy
Children in doctrinal
hierarchy
Goal state
Predicted outcomes
Execution condition
Completion condition
Assumed world
states
Dissemination
Assets
Actions
Elements of the planning process
(early phases)
Plan development has_output plan specification
Commander performs review of alternative plan
specifications
Commander commits_to plan specification #1
Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1
Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by
following the actions specified in the plan specification
Plan is_a disposition
Plan realized_in plan execution
Plan has_goal: future world-state F
Elements of the planning process
Information artifact elements
Plan development has_output plan specification
Commander performs review of alternative plan
specifications
Commander commits_to plan specification #1
Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1
Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by
following the actions specified in the plan specification
Plan is_a disposition
Plan realized_in plan execution
Plan has_goal: future world-state F
Elements of the planning process
(mental elements)
Plan development has_output plan specification
Commander performs review of alternative plan
specifications
Commander commits_to plan specification #1
Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1
Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by
following the actions specified in the plan specification
Plan is_a disposition
Plan realized_in plan execution
Plan has_goal: future world-state F
Elements of the planning process
(external action-related elements)
Plan development has_output plan specification
Commander performs review of alternative plan
specifications
Commander commits_to plan specification #1
Commander’s act of commitment has_output plan #1
Commander has_commitment to realize plan #1 by
following the actions specified in the plan specification
Plan is_a disposition
Plan realized_in plan execution
Plan has_goal: future world-state F
• What should be the framework for
understanding how these elements hang
together?
• http://ncor.buffalo.edu/plan-ontology
What is the living plan?
Plan creation and maintenance system
Living plan
Tactical (…) plan outputs for execution
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Compare
Language creation and maintenance
system (schools, …)
The English language
Utterances, written linguistic outputs
70
Compare
Price maintenance and creation system
Prices
(of 1 Euro, of a beer in a Paris bar …)
Individual acts of exchange
71
Compare
The law creation and maintenance
system (the legislature, local courts…)
The body of law
Individual legal and police actions
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What is the living plan?
The plan creation and maintenance
system
The living plan (analogue of the body of
law)
Tactical (…) plan outputs for execution
(analogues of utterances, of speakers
of a language, of judges …)
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Appendix: Draft Plan
Ontology
See current version here:
http://ncor.buffalo.edu/planontology/planning-ontology-draft.owl
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http://ncor.buffalo.edu/plan-ontology
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