Transcript No Slide Title

GLOBALIZATION AND THE
FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
M. Aman Wirakartakusumah
Universitas Airlangga
Surabaya 27 Maret 2004
1
GLOBALIZATION
• Modern world with myriad phenomena
• Greater global economic connectedness
• Economic phenomenon-economic integration powered
by Neo-liberal politics, electronics, instantaneous
communications and multinational corporations
• Flows of capital, people, information and culture
• Internationalization of commerce, capital and labor
• Post industrial and knowledge-based society
• Constant creation of new forms of technology
2
GLOBALIZATION, COMPETITION AND
COMPETITIVENESS
• Globalization of commerce, advances in communication
•
•
•
•
•
technology, access and availability of information
Growing commercial and social interrelationship
Competition among Institutions, Firms and Nations
Competitiveness: ability to stay in business and achieve
some desired result (profit, price, quality)
National economic performance~national competitiveness
Competitiveness: growth of labor productivity and raising
living standards
DOWNSIDES OF GLOBALIZATION
• Potential of creating severe gap between rich and poor
countries
• Divide the world into centers and peripheries
Centers grow stronger, peripheries marginalized
• Global higher education dominated by world class
universities in industrialized countries
Norms, values, language, scientific innovation and
knowledge products of countries in the center crowd
out other ideas and practices
• Globalization in higher education exacerbates
dramatic inequalities among the world’s universities
4
“COMMERCIALIZATION” OF KNOWLEDGE
• Knowledge from study and research is seen as a “private
good”
• Provision of knowledge = commercial transaction
• Provider public fund or State unable to provide resources for
higher education and research
• Universities expected to generate more funding
• Initiation of selling of knowledge products, partnership private
sectors, increase in student fees
• Universities sell skill/training, awarding degrees or certificates
5
HIGHER EDUCATION ROLE and POSITION
• Historically international in their academic and
intellectual orientation
• Science and rationality of knowledge across the national
and territorial limitation
• Asset that contribute to national economic and social
well-being
• Equipped labor force with skills, innovation, productivity,
enriching quality of life
6
HIGHER EDUCATION ROLE and POSITION
•Universities are the instruments of the State, government
exert regulatory authority on the university systems, use
the university to build up national capacity
• Tensions between the State and global forces,
governments and universities: i.e. Bologna convention
• Globalization tends to increase convergence of
international and supranational on higher education policy
• Less public funding, more enrollment, more private
investment, little transnational standardization and quality
assurance
7
QUESTIONS FOR GLOBALIZATION AND
HIGHER EDUCATION
• Will globalization make universities even more instruments
of government to generate comparative advantage ~ nation’s
competitiveness?
• Will globalization lead to commercialization and
corporatization of universities, increasing in multinational
interests?
• Will some universities be state-driven and others globallydriven?
• Will state becoming hands-off enablers, become weaker and
more dependent on private and corporate actors?
8
PORTRAITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Strengths
• Increase of Gross Enrollment Ratio of aged 18-30 to university
• Contribute to national economy, labor force
• Research outputs and outcomes: cited publication, patents, Nobel
prize
• Partnership with private sectors: spin-off industry, start-up company
• Professional development of employees
• Knowledge transfer and innovation management
• New approach in meeting student’s demand: new courses, part time
study, extension, further education, distance learning
9
PORTRAITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Challenges
• How to increase investment: USA, France, Germany, the Netherlands
~ 1 % GDP, UK ~ 0.8 %, Japan ~ 0.4 %, Indonesia ~ 0.28 %
• How to recruit, retain and reward the caliber of academic staff
• How to maintain infrastructure for research and teaching
• How to prioritize and focus research at the university: USA confined
in 200 from 1600 institutions, China created 10 world-class
universities, India concentrated 5 National Institute of Technology
• How to avoid “brain drain”, instead “brain gain”
• How to balance research excellence with teaching excellence
10
WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITY RANKING
Country
Amerika Serikat
World best
500
universities
Country
159
Asia best 100
Universities
Jepang
36
13
Inggris
42
Australia
Jerman
41
Cina
9
Jepang
36
Korea Selatan
8
Kanada
24
Israel
6
Perancis
22
Cina-Hongkong
7
Australia
13
Cina-Taiwan
3
Belanda
12
India
3
Cina
9
New Zealand
3
Korea Selatan
8
Singapura
2
Cina-Hongkong
5
Turki
2
Cina-Taiwan
5
Indonesia
India
3
Selandia baru
3
Singapura
2
Turki
2
Indonesia
none
none
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE (2000)
Korea Selatan
Amerika Serikat
Australia
Kanada
Inggris
Argentina
German
Jepang
Chili
Thailand
Pilipina
Malaysia
Mexico
Brazil
Brunei
Indonesia
China
Bangladesh
71.69
71.62
63.00
59.99
57.84
47.96
46.30
46.05
37.52
31.92
29.45
23.26
19.76
14.83
13.89
12.80
7.45
5.25
0
10
20
(Data Indonesia for 2002)
30
40
50
60
70
80
SOUTH EAST ASIAN CONTEXT OF
HIGHER EDUCATION
 Education – developed based on colonial style - many
different systems
– focusing on specialization rather generalization/diversification
– lack of practical skills
– lack of entrepreneurship
 Faculty resistant to change
 Lack of resources - human/financial
 Top down bureaucratic systems
Human Development Index in South East Asia
Rank
Country
Human Development Index
1990
1995
2000
1
Norway
0.901
0.925
0.942
25
Singapore
0.818
0.857
0.885
32
Brunei Darussalam
n.a.
n.a.
0.856
59
Malaysia
0.722
0.760
0.782
70
Thailand
0.713
0.749
0.762
77
Philippines
0.716
0.733
0.754
109
Vietnam
0.605
0.649
0.688
110
Indonesia
0.623
0.664
0.684
127
Myanmar
n.a.
n.a.
0.552
130
Cambodia
0.501
0.531
0.543
143
Lao People's Dem. Rep.
0.404
0.445
0.485
INDICATORS OF R&D EFFORTS AND OUTCOMES
# R&D/million
people
# Patents
granted
#Hi-tech
export/manuf.
export
Country
1985-1995
1996
1997
Indonesia
1
20
-
Malaysia
87
12
67
Philippines
1,299
4
12
Singapore
2,728
88
71
119
11
43
Thailand
Source: ADB, 2003
Asia’s Best Universities 2000
Rank
Multi-disciplinary
schools
Overall
score
(100%)
1
Kyoto University (Japan)
83.17
5
National University of Singapore
77.96
47
University of Malaya
54.20
48
University of the Philippines
53.79
53
Prince of Songkla University
(Thailand)
52.26
61
University of Indonesia
49.89
Source: Asia week.com (2003)
Asia’s Best Universities 2000
Rank
Science and Technology schools
Overall score (100%)
1
Korea Adv. Inst. Of Sci. & Tech.
90.79
9
Nanyang Technological Univ.
(Singapore)
67.75
21
Institute of Technology Bandung
(Indonesia)
54.30
27
King Mongkut’s Inst. Of Tech.
Ladkrabang (Thailand)
52.60
30
Technological Univ. of Malaysia
51.46
Source: Asia week.com (2003)
INDONESIA Position on NATION
COMPETITIVENESS
Parameter
Nation competitiveness
o macro economy indicator
o State policy to increase nation
competitiveness
o Innovative and responsibility
behaviour, corporate profitability
o
Contribution of science, technology
and HR to private sectors
Score
(Max. 100)
Rank from 30
Nations
13.3
28
28
24
16.9
27
6.1
30
9.6
30
Indonesia position on the nation competitiveness rank among the nations
above 20 million populations
TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
What are The Challenges?
• How to bring up the issues of globalization into the
curriculum and teaching practices?
• How to put the university program relevant to national and
regional interest?
• How to improve the organizational health of the
university?
• How to build entrepreneurial mentality to the students?
• How to produce graduate with inclusiveness and
multicultural attitudes based on good moral, values and ethics?
EXAMPLES OF HIGHER EDUCATION
TRANSFORMATION
– UK
• Going global to quench the thirst for knowledge
– AUSTRALIA
• Going global and Brand Marketing
– SEMCIT (Latin America, Asia, Africa)
• Education and Management of Change in the Tropics
– SINGAPORE
• Toward a world class university
– INDONESIA
• HELTS
National University of Singapore
Established in 1905
Vision: Towards a global knowledge
enterprise, building synergies between
education, research and entrepreneurship
Mission: Advance knowledge and foster
innovation, educate students and nurture
talent, in service of country and society
How NUS achieve its goals?
• Building intelligent partnership with
universities worldwide
• No walls culture to promote free flow
of talent and ideas
• Foster an entrepreneurial mindset
NUS high five in 2005
• One in five students will be abroad on students
exchanges
• One in five of undergraduates will be an
international student
• One in five students will take an
entrepreneurship module
• Five NUS overseas colleges will be established
in the world’s leading entrepreneurial hubs
FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
VISION
• Recognize and value universities as creator of knowledge
• Recognize the role of education to live life to the full and contribute
to the society
• Acknowledge the institutions differences define its own mission
• Build strong and purposeful collaborations
• Support the institutions that can compete with the best in the world
• Increase gross participation ratio and access
• Employ caliber academic staff
• Freedom for innovation and entrepreneurship
• Strong management and visionary leadership
24
FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
THEMES FOR FUTURE HIGHER EDUCATION
• Learner-centered
• Entrepreneurship
• Lifelong learning
• Interactive and collaborative
• Diverse
• Intelligent and adaptive
• Learn-grant university as a social contract between university and
society
25
26
Strategic Issues on Higher Education
•Globalization
•Research and Education
•Mission Differentiation
•Access to knowledge
•University Autonomy
University autonomy
Institutional
University
and capacity building
governance
Financing
Human
Resources
Quality
Assurance
International Network and Linkages
 Enhancing International collaboration and partnership
in the area of Tropical Agriculture
 Conducting International training and internship
program
 Use the network and linkage to facilitate the change
process
Challenges for Change
 Perception and mind set/old paradigm of
faculty members resist the change
 Rigid departmental and centers structure
(status quo)
 Lack of partnership with industry and private
sectors
 Weak/limited support capacity of central and
regional government
Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini
PENDANAAN
SUMBER
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
DIP
1,824,767,226
986,817,133
1,410,851,880
1,889,403,806
2,130,960,812
DIK
1,315,820,648
1,192,197,115
1,978,421,882
2,407,810,991
2,788,828,029
550,332,443
752,674,756
770,451,921
1,168,604,184
1,444,341,279
42,013,096
61,027,683
62,678,425
233,880,484
318,206,506
DIKS (SPP)
DIKS (Lainnya)
Struktur pendanaan PTN (dalam ribuan rupiah)
Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini
PENDANAAN
4.5
Thailand
Philippines
Indonesia
China
Chile
Argentina
United States*
United Kingdom*
Mexico
Korea*
Japan*
Germany*
Canada*
Australia*
0.0
0.3
4.2
1.7
0.8 0.4
2.0
1.6
4.1
4.5
3.1
1.3
4.9
1.6
4.4
4.4
4.1
3.5
Public
0.7
0.8
Private
2.7
1.1
4.3
1.2
5.3
4.5
2.0
1.3
1.4
4.0
6.0
8.0
Rasio Pendanaan Pendidikan oleh Sektor Publik dan Masyarakat (potret tahun 1999)
Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini
PENDANAAN
Negara
Prosentase alokasi %
Cina
65.30
India
92.50
Indonesia
12.30
Malaysia
53.60
Filipina
14.80
Sri Lanka
64.00
Vietnam
86.10
Prosentase alokasi dana pemerintah untuk pendidikan tinggi per mahasiswa
dibandingkan dengan PDB per kapita pada 1997
Sumber: Bank Dunia, Development Indicators, Education inputs, 2002
Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini
PENDANAAN
Jumlah mahasiswa PTN pada tahun 2003
Belanja rutin pendidikan tinggi (total
spending) sebesar
Anggaran biaya satuan pendidikan tinggi
nasional rata-rata untuk mahasiswa/tahun.
Dari jumlah tersebut biaya yang dipikul
pemerintah (public spending) untuk
mahasiswa/tahun
880.000 Mhs
Rp. 4,6 Triliun
Rp. 5,18 Juta
Rp. 3,17 Juta
Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini
PENDANAAN
NEGARA
BIAYA/Mhs/Thn
EQ.RUPIAH
Amerika dan Canada
US$ 20,000
Rp.
170 juta
Jepang dan Inggris
US$ 10,000
Rp.
85 juta
Perancis dan Itali
US$ 6,000-7,000
Rp 51- 60 juta
Malaysia
Rp. 29 - 111 juta
Singapura *)
Rp. 90 - 400 juta
- Studi Biro Keuangan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Desember 2002
- *) www.singapore.edu.gov.sg
Global Value Chains
“Internationalization of a manufacturing process in
which several countries participate in different stages of the
manufacture of a specific good”
• The most efficient and the lowest cost
• Countries more interdependent on each other
• Access technological knowledge, improve product
innovation skills
• Facilitated rapid industrial growth and permitted the
assimilation of technology
Effect of Global Value Chains
•More knowledge and technology intensive
•More demand on creative and innovative workers
•Need respond from education and training
institutions
•Education contributes to person’s quality of life and
productivity
Public Expenditure in HE and enrollment for selected Asian
countries (DGHE, Indonesia, 2003)
Public expenditure per
student/GDP per capita (%)
1980
Gross enrollment ratio (GER)
1997
1985
2002
China
246.2
65.3
2.9
13.2 (2001)
India
83.3
92.5
6.0
6.5 (1995)
Indonesia
25 (1985)
12.3
8.5
12.8
Thailand
59.7
25.4
18.1
31.92
Malaysia
140.6
53.6
5.8
28.26
Philippines
13.7
14.8
n.a.
29.4 (1999)
Vietnam
n.a.
86.1
2.3
9.66 (2001)
The Challenge for Higher Education
Implementing good agricultural
practices in the academic programs
 Application of holistic approach in integrated
farming system
 Integrated pest management and biological
control
 Shifting from fishing to restocking
 Reforestation and community participation
 Improvement of agro-industry practices
Summary of IPB case
 Good practices in agricultural education should
use the student centered learning approach
 Changing curriculum of a traditional university
should recognize the existing disciplines
 Needs involvement of instructors and professors
 Requires continuity and consistency of strong
leadership and commitment
 Needs regional and international networking