GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

M. Aman Wirakartakusumah Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 27 Maret 2004

1

GLOBALIZATION

• Modern world with myriad phenomena • Greater global economic connectedness • Economic phenomenon-economic integration powered by Neo-liberal politics, electronics, instantaneous communications and multinational corporations • Flows of capital, people, information and culture • Internationalization of commerce, capital and labor • Post industrial and knowledge-based society • Constant creation of new forms of technology 2

GLOBALIZATION, COMPETITION AND COMPETITIVENESS

• Globalization of commerce, advances in communication technology, access and availability of information • Growing commercial and social interrelationship • Competition among Institutions, Firms and Nations • Competitiveness: ability to stay in business and achieve some desired result (profit, price, quality) • National economic performance~national competitiveness • Competitiveness: growth of labor productivity and raising living standards

DOWNSIDES OF GLOBALIZATION

• Potential of creating severe gap between rich and poor countries • Divide the world into centers and peripheries Centers grow stronger, peripheries marginalized • Global higher education dominated by world class universities in industrialized countries Norms, values, language, scientific innovation and knowledge products of countries in the center crowd out other ideas and practices • Globalization in higher education exacerbates dramatic inequalities among the world’s universities 4

“COMMERCIALIZATION” OF KNOWLEDGE

• Knowledge from study and research is seen as a “private good” • Provision of knowledge = commercial transaction • Provider public fund or State unable to provide resources for higher education and research • Universities expected to generate more funding • Initiation of selling of knowledge products, partnership private sectors, increase in student fees • Universities sell skill/training, awarding degrees or certificates 5

HIGHER EDUCATION ROLE and POSITION

• Historically international in their academic and

intellectual orientation

• Science and rationality of knowledge across the national

and territorial limitation

• Asset that contribute to national economic and social

well-being

• Equipped labor force with skills, innovation, productivity,

enriching quality of life

6

HIGHER EDUCATION ROLE and POSITION

•Universities are the instruments of the State, government

exert regulatory authority on the university systems, use the university to build up national capacity

• Tensions between the State and global forces,

governments and universities: i.e. Bologna convention

• Globalization tends to increase convergence of

international and supranational on higher education policy

• Less public funding, more enrollment, more private

investment, little transnational standardization and quality assurance

7

QUESTIONS FOR GLOBALIZATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION

• Will globalization make universities even more instruments of government to generate comparative advantage ~ nation’s competitiveness?

• Will globalization lead to commercialization and corporatization of universities, increasing in multinational interests?

• Will some universities be state-driven and others globally driven?

• Will state becoming hands-off enablers, become weaker and more dependent on private and corporate actors?

8

PORTRAITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Strengths

• Increase of Gross Enrollment Ratio of aged 18-30 to university • Contribute to national economy, labor force • Research outputs and outcomes: cited publication, patents, Nobel prize • Partnership with private sectors: spin-off industry, start-up company • Professional development of employees • Knowledge transfer and innovation management • New approach in meeting student’s demand: new courses, part time study, extension, further education, distance learning 9

PORTRAITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Challenges

• How to increase investment: USA, France, Germany, the Netherlands ~ 1 % GDP, UK ~ 0.8 %, Japan ~ 0.4 %, Indonesia ~ 0.28 % • How to recruit, retain and reward the caliber of academic staff • How to maintain infrastructure for research and teaching • How to prioritize and focus research at the university: USA confined in 200 from 1600 institutions, China created 10 world-class universities, India concentrated 5 National Institute of Technology • How to avoid “brain drain”, instead “brain gain” • How to balance research excellence with teaching excellence 10

WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITY RANKING

Country Amerika Serikat Inggris Jerman Jepang Kanada Perancis Australia Belanda Cina Korea Selatan Cina-Hongkong Cina-Taiwan India Selandia baru Singapura Turki Indonesia World best 500 universities 159 42 41 36 24 3 3 2 2 none 22 13 12 9 8 5 5 Country Jepang Australia Cina Korea Selatan Israel Cina-Hongkong Cina-Taiwan India New Zealand Singapura Turki Indonesia Asia best 100 Universities 2 2 none 7 3 3 3 36 13 9 8 6

GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE

(2000)

Korea Selatan Amerika Serikat Australia Kanada Inggris Argentina German Jepang Chili Thailand Pilipina Malaysia Mexico Brazil Brunei Indonesia China Bangladesh 0 7.45

5.25

10 14.83

13.89

12.80

19.76

23.26

31.92

29.45

37.52

20 30 40 47.96

46.30

46.05

50 63.00

59.99

57.84

71.69

71.62

60 70 80 (Data Indonesia for 2002)

SOUTH EAST ASIAN CONTEXT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

    Education – developed based on colonial style - many different systems – – focusing on specialization rather generalization/diversification lack of practical skills – lack of entrepreneurship Faculty resistant to change Lack of resources - human/financial Top down bureaucratic systems

1 25 32 59 70 77 109 110 127 130 143 Rank Human Development Index in South East Asia Country Norway Singapore Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Thailand Philippines Vietnam Indonesia Myanmar Cambodia Lao People's Dem. Rep.

Human Development Index 1990 0.901

1995 0.925

2000 0.942

0.818

n.a.

0.722

0.857

n.a.

0.760

0.885

0.856

0.782

0.713

0.716

0.605

0.623

n.a.

0.501

0.404

0.749

0.733

0.649

0.664

n.a.

0.531

0.445

0.762

0.754

0.688

0.684

0.552

0.543

0.485

INDICATORS OF R&D EFFORTS AND OUTCOMES

Country

Indonesia Malaysia Philippines

# R&D/million people # Patents granted 1985-1995

1 87 1,299

1996

20 12 4

#Hi-tech export/manuf.

export 1997 -

67 12 Singapore 2,728 Thailand

Source: ADB, 2003

119 88 11 71 43

Rank

Asia’s Best Universities 2000

Multi-disciplinary schools Overall score (100%) 1 Kyoto University (Japan) 83.17

5 National University of Singapore 77.96

47 48 53 61 University of Malaya University of the Philippines Prince of Songkla University (Thailand) University of Indonesia Source: Asia week.com (2003) 54.20

53.79

52.26

49.89

Asia’s Best Universities 2000

Rank

Science and Technology schools

Overall score (100%) 1 Korea Adv. Inst. Of Sci. & Tech.

9

21

27 30 Nanyang Technological Univ. (Singapore)

Institute of Technology Bandung

(Indonesia) King Mongkut ’ s Inst. Of Tech. Ladkrabang (Thailand) Technological Univ. of Malaysia

Source: Asia week.com (2003)

90.79

67.75

54.30

52.60

51.46

INDONESIA Position on NATION COMPETITIVENESS

Parameter Nation competitiveness

o

macro economy indicator

o

State policy to increase nation competitiveness

o

Innovative and responsibility behaviour, corporate profitability

o

Contribution of science, technology and HR to private sectors Score (Max. 100) 13.3

28 16.9

6.1

9.6

Rank from 30 Nations 28 24 27 30 30

Indonesia position on the nation competitiveness rank among the nations above 20 million populations

TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

What are The Challenges?

• How to bring up the issues of globalization into the

curriculum and teaching practices?

• How to put the university program relevant to national and

regional interest?

• How to improve the organizational health of the

university?

• How to build entrepreneurial mentality to the students? • How to produce graduate with inclusiveness and

multicultural attitudes based on good moral, values and ethics?

EXAMPLES OF HIGHER EDUCATION TRANSFORMATION

– – – – –

UK

• Going global to quench the thirst for knowledge

AUSTRALIA

• Going global and Brand Marketing

SEMCIT (Latin America, Asia, Africa)

• Education and Management of Change in the Tropics

SINGAPORE

• Toward a world class university

INDONESIA

• HELTS

National University of Singapore

Established in 1905

Vision:

Towards a global knowledge enterprise, building synergies between education, research and entrepreneurship

Mission

: Advance knowledge and foster innovation, educate students and nurture talent, in service of country and society

How NUS achieve its goals?

• • •

Building intelligent partnership with universities worldwide No walls culture to promote free flow of talent and ideas Foster an entrepreneurial mindset

NUS high five in 2005

• One in five students will be abroad on students

exchanges

• One in five of undergraduates will be an

international student

• One in five students will take an

entrepreneurship module

• Five NUS overseas colleges will be established

in the world’s leading entrepreneurial hubs

FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

VISION

• Recognize and value universities as creator of knowledge • Recognize the role of education to live life to the full and contribute to the society • Acknowledge the institutions differences define its own mission • Build strong and purposeful collaborations • Support the institutions that can compete with the best in the world • Increase gross participation ratio and access • Employ caliber academic staff • Freedom for innovation and entrepreneurship • Strong management and visionary leadership 24

FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

THEMES FOR FUTURE HIGHER EDUCATION

• Learner-centered • Entrepreneurship • Lifelong learning • Interactive and collaborative • Diverse • Intelligent and adaptive • Learn-grant university as a social contract between university and society 25