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Connecting Reading and Writing with Effective Strategies Renee Murray October 2, 2008 Southern Regional Education Board Essential Questions Southern Regional Education Board Why do we need to change the way we assign reading? How will understanding text structures help students read better? Which literacy skills are the most important for students to master? What strategies will help students master essential literacy skills? Protocols “Sandy” agenda Two-feet rule Try! Respect others’ comments. Southern Regional Education Board Where are we? Based on your experience, what is the problem? Spend one minute writing. Spend two minutes sharing. Southern Regional Education Board Where are we? Southern Regional Education Board Half high school graduates have necessary reading and writing skills (ACT) 40% seniors proficient readers (NAEP) Half of high school graduates plan to get an advanced degree (FSU) Half of high school graduates failed to meet the college readiness benchmark for reading and one-third failed to reach the benchmark in English composition (ACT 2005) 70 percent of the college instructors dissatisfied with their students’ ability to read and comprehend complex materials and half said they were dissatisfied with students’ ability to express complicated ideas in writing. (Achieve) International Center for Leadership in Education: “the readability levels of workplace documents, forms and text sources are higher than many people would have imagined, higher, in fact, than much of the reading material that students use in educational settings.” Southern Regional Education Board Where are we now? Southern Regional Education Board What is the current state of literacy among high school students in the United States? What is the disconnect with postsecondary studies? How does this impact my understanding of my students? What, if anything, do “we” need to do differently? Page 3 Jigsaw Articles Count to 3 Each person read one article. Compare with others who read the same article. Return to original group. Now what do we know? Southern Regional Education Board How Will Understanding Text Structures Help Students Read Better? Southern Regional Education Board Common Text Structures Enumeration Chronological Order Compare and Contrast Cause and Effect Problem/Solution Southern Regional Education Board Application Read paragraphs One of each Legalized cheating Southern Regional Education Board Which Literacy Skills are the Most Important for Students to Master? Southern Regional Education Board The Six Southern Regional Education Board Summarizing Paraphrasing Categorizing Inferring Predicting Recognizing Academic Vocabulary Page 9 How do we know these are important? Southern Regional Education Board Direct links to most items on ASSET/COMPASS reading placement tests. Included in ACT Consistently in state standards Recognized by postsecondary faculty for importance Linked to all content areas Linked to careers Summarizing Only skill identified in both Reading Next and Writing Next as improving essential literacy skills Essential in research and other expository writing Southern Regional Education Board Paraphrasing Southern Regional Education Board Reduces plagiarism—considered one of the biggest academic “crimes” Show adaptation for audience and purpose—essential writing skills Reflects a deeper understanding of material Categorizing Southern Regional Education Board Ability to group information into manageable chunks Essential for study skills Mandatory for problem analysis and solution—especially in workplace or laboratory Only easy for naturalist intelligence—must be taught to others Inferring Reading “between the lines” Encourages connection within a text, across texts and to other contexts Shows that a reader “really gets it” Southern Regional Education Board Predicting Form of inferencing Requires support for prediction Forward thinking based on backward knowledge Required to solve non-routine problems in the real world Southern Regional Education Board Using academic/technical vocabulary Separates success for secondlanguage students Technical language (jargon) Understanding roots and affixes Southern Regional Education Board How Can We Help Students Read Better? Summarizing and Paraphrasing Techniques Southern Regional Education Board Reading and Writing Enhances Learning Cornell Notes Jigsaw Groups of 4 Take notes on page 10 Southern Regional Education Board 2-column note-taking Step 1: Draw a grid with 3 sections Step 3: Identify key concepts or questions Southern Regional Education Board Step 2: Take notes here; use abbreviations Step 4: Summarize lesson here Benefits of 2-column note-taking Many exposures to text Matches most textbook styles Easy to teach Study guide Differentiation Southern Regional Education Board Teaching Secrets 3-Identify 3 pieces of advice given to new teachers. 2-Explain how the advice fits into 2 categories. 1-Describe one way that taking the Southern Regional Education Board advice will help novice teachers. Page 16 3-2-1 Increasing level of difficulty Requires summarizing and paraphrasing Pre- or post-reading Requires teacher preparation Students can construct. Southern Regional Education Board How Can We Help Students Read Better? Vocabulary and Categorizing Strategies Southern Regional Education Board Story Impressions Topic: American cities in the late 19th century Write paragraph with all words on left. Same order. Southern Regional Education Board Page 19 Story Impressions Pre-reading Teacher preparation Stimulates interest Identifies misconceptions Can connect to word walls or other vocabulary strategies Southern Regional Education Board Redefining Rigor Skim through text Identify five words that are Important Someone might not know Put each on separate sheet of paper Southern Regional Education Board Page 20 Redefining Rigor On back, write a predictive definition. Read article. Use context clues to confirm meaning. Write definition on front with word. Southern Regional Education Board Redefining Rigor Create categories for words. Now you have a word wall! Southern Regional Education Board Word Walls Pre-reading Visual learners Choices can be surprising Vocabulary and prediction Supports writing Southern Regional Education Board How Can We Help Students Read Better? Predicting and Inferring Strategies Southern Regional Education Board Student and Teacher Work Page 22 For each statement, score on 1-6 scale on left. Discuss answers with group. Read article. You are looking for evidence for each statement. Confirm answers on right. Southern Regional Education Board Anticipation Guides Southern Regional Education Board Set purpose for reading Allow for collaboration Ensures correct notes Should not be trivia Some statements should be “touch that” and some “between the lines.” Metaphors/Similes/Analogies Learning on conceptual level Allows for prior knowledge Allows for differentiation Stretches understanding Southern Regional Education Board Page 28 Metaphors/Similes Using literacy strategies to teach is like Southern Regional Education Board Analogies Literacy is to ___________ as ________ is to _____________. Southern Regional Education Board RAMPS/RAFT Role Audience Format Topic Southern Regional Education Board page 25 RAFT Deeper understanding Student choice Authentic or demonstrating learning Use to analyze prompts Southern Regional Education Board Our RAFT Role: Workshop Participant Audience: Others in my department Format: Memo Topic: What I learned Southern Regional Education Board How Do I Plan? Content Skill Learning Strategy Demonstration Strategy Southern Regional Education Board Page 30 How do I teach strategy? Southern Regional Education Board Teacher Talk: 1. Name, 2. How to use, 3. Explicit modeling (“think-aloud”), 4. Examples of when to use the strategy, 5. Possible adjustments for different tasks, 6. Usefulness. Guided practice Independent practice and debriefing What Next? Practice Share Determine accountability Rock your world! Southern Regional Education Board