Transcript Korea and Taiwan Under Japanese rule

Korea
and Taiwan
Under Japanese rule
February 28, 2013
Review
• What is a zaibatsu?
• How does democracy deal with conflicts
of interest?
• Can you have a democracy without a
real possibility of a peaceful transfer of
power?
• How does fascism deal with conflicts of
interest?
Resisting Modernity in Japan
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The rise of agrarianism and bushido (p. 385)
the growing popularity of new religions, such as
Tenri-kyō, Ōmoto-kyō, and Sōka Gakkai. (p. 385)
In times of rapid modernization, there will always
be some who look back to an idealized past, and
there will also be some who seek to shelter
traditional values from the winds of change by
protecting them with a modern religious
organization.
Korea, 1910-1945
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4 stages of Japanese control (pp. 390-91)
1905-10 Japanese protectorate, some armed
resistance
1910-1919 Japanese impose total control and forced
modernization, leading to March 1 movement (p. 391)
1920-1931 cultural policy-allowing some cultural
freedom but no political freedom
1931-45 period of attempted Japanization, combined
with industrialization of the economy
Why did Korea lose its independence?
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Korea lacked the financial resources to modernize (arm a modern
army, build an industrial economy, etc.)
Reforms efforts at the end of the 19th century lacked popular
support. (There was more culturalism than nationalism)
After Japan defeated Russia, Korea couldn’t find any country
willing to help it resist a takeover by Japan.
Some Koreans actually wanted Japan to take over Korea,
thinking that would give Korea access to Japan’s wealth. (Such
pro-Japanese Koreans were in a group called the Iljinhoe, which
is not mentioned in the textbook.)
The 1st decade
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What did the Japanese do the first decade?
created a modern bureaucratic government, one with officials trained in
administration and one which could reach into villages, and they built a
modern police force and a modern legal system
regularized land ownership--more Koreans took advantage of this than
Japanese did to acquire more land. (pp. 392-33)
began opening public schools in which Japanese became the language of
instruction (pp. 394-95)
promoted modern financial business institutions, which gave an advantage
to Japanese businessmen.
Koreans were angered by many “modernizing” measures, such as
outlawing the slaughtering of pigs and chickens at home, creating public
cemeteries (challenged belief in p’ung-su), controlling doctors of Oriental
medicine, taxing wine and tobacco, etc.
Colonial Development
Growth in agricultural productivity, along with a
decline in Korean diet
Why is agricultural growth important in the long run?
Provides a surplus for investment.
Creating an infrastructure for development:
Banking
Railroads
Communication: the telegraph, radios,
newspapers
Schools--Korea’s first mass public education
Modernizing Society
A public health system
A failed attempt to move from Oriental medicine to
nothing but Western-style medicine
Industrialization and the creation of Korea’s first
modern labour force.
From animate to inanimate power (electricity):
another sign of modernization
Varieties of Korean reactions pp. 396-7
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collaboration-Japan could not have controlled Korea without
Korean help. Why did many Koreans cooperate with the
Japanese?
religious resistance: Christianity (especially Protestant
Christianity) and new religions, including Ch’ŏndogyo
(Tonghak),Taejonggyo, and Chŭngsan’gyo
diplomatic pressure on Japan (Syngman Rhee), focus on
education (An Ch’ang-ho and other cultural nationalists),
and focus on violent resistance (Kim Ku, Yi Tong-hwi and
Kim Il Sung). Korean Communists led the armed resistance,
but there were non-Communists such as An Chung-gŭn and
Kim Ku who also favoured violence against the Japanese.
Japan’s Taiwan
• 1895-1915 overcoming resistance
• 1915-1930 integration into the Japanese
political, economic, and cultural sphere
(civilian rather than military rulers)
• 1931-1945
“Imperialization” Even stopped
publication of Chinese-language newspapers.
• The people of Taiwan were not completely
Chinese in 1895, nor were they completely
Japanese in 1945. The landed and urban elite
tended to be more “Japanized” than were the
peasantry.
Taiwanese reactions
• Not a very strong movement for restoration
of Qing control
• Not a very strong Communist movement
(People in Taiwan were cut off from
developments on the mainland, especially
when mainlanders started writing in the
vernacular, which was not the same as the
vernacular language of Taiwan.)
• At first, Taiwanese demanded an
independent Taiwan Republic. Later they
asked for home rule within the Japanese
empire.
Creating Imperial Subjects
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In the 1930s Japan tried to turn both Koreans and Taiwanese
into “imperial subjects,” people who were loyal to the Japanese
emperor. They used four tools to do so
promoting Shinto at the expense of local religions (and, in
Korea, Christianity)
promoting Japanese over the local language
encouraging Taiwanese, and requiring Koreans, to change
their names to Japanese names
Encouraging Taiwanese and Koreans to enlist in the Japanese
military.
What is modernity?
Economic modernization:
from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy
peasants become farmers
faster means of transportation and communication
move from animate to inanimate power
Social modernization:
from hereditary occupations to occupational mobility
women gain more autonomy, at home and in public (p. 394-95)
mass education and mass media arrives. (pp. 395)
individual horizons expand
Colonial modernity
The Japanese created public education and public health
systems in their colonies, along with modern transportation
and communication systems. This led to greater literacy as
well as rapidly growing populations. In addition, Japan
began industrializing the economies of its colonies.
colonial rule gave birth to modern national identities, and
modern nationalism, in both colonies, though the nationalist
movement was weakest in Taiwan.
For colonial modernity in Korea, see p. 391, 399-401)
Industrialization
• Both Korea and Taiwan were originally intended
to provide rice and other agricultural products to
Japan so Japanese farmers could become factory
workers.
• Industrialization began in both colonies in the 2nd
decade of the 20th century, stimulated by demand
created by World War I. In both places,
hydroelectric plants were built for the first time.
(For Korea, see pp. 393-94)
• However, full-scale industrialization did not begin
until the 1930s. Korea, in particular, began to be
used to provide war materials for the Japanese
campaign in China.
The legacy
of colonial development
Provided infrastructure for industrialization
created an experienced modern work force, including
experienced factory workers.
Provided public education and a modern public
health system
Provided a more efficient bureaucracy
Provided a more productive agriculture
Inadvertently created nationalism, especially in
Korea
Other long-term effects of
Japanese colonial rule
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Enshrined a pivotal role for the state in economic
development.
Provided a model of concentrated economic power:
in zaibatsu, seen in the chaebŏl in Korea
Promoted an export-oriented economy
And a dependent economy
Provided a model of what a modern government
could look like: it could be authoritarian and
militaristic, as long as it promoted economic
development and governed in an intrusive,
impersonal manner. (All the governors-general of
Korea were military men. Only the first governorsgeneral in Taiwan were from the military)