Transcript Grafting

Grafting & Budding
•
•
•
By Donald L. Josko
[email protected]
605-361-4378/8676(f)
Copyright 2007©
1
Units
• Unit 1 Why Graft or Bud a Tree?
• Unit 2 Tree Morphology
• Unit 3 Tree Physiology
• Unit 4 Grafting & Budding Tools
• Unit 5 Grafting /Budding Techniques‘ and
Timing
2
Definitions
• Grafting- a form of
vegetative
propagation creating
a (union) between a
desired ornamental or
fruit tree stick (scion)
to a desired root
stock.
Scion
Scion
Union
Union
Root
Stock
Root Stock
3
• Budding-the
vegetative
propagation process
that attaches a
desired fruit or
ornamental bud to the
trunk of a hardy
rootstock.
BUD
Root Stock
Bud
Union
4
• Scion- Desirable ornamental or fruit stick.
• Root Stock- A hardy portion of the plant
that can survive the local conditions.
• Union- The point of contact between the
scion and root stock where by tissues unit
and proper function is re-established.
5
Unit 1 Why Graft or Bud a Tree?
The purpose of this unit is to explain the use of
grafting and budding on trees.
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
-recall the reasons why we graft or bud
trees
-explain and recall the definitions.
-Identify the differences between grafting &
budding
Describe the basic requirements for executing a
graft or bud.
6
Why Do We Graft & Bud Trees?
• Introduction:
– This is the fastest form of reproduction of
desirable trees that add either fruit, nuts,
ornamental beauty to our landscapes.
– 95% of all deciduous trees are budded.
– 25% of all fruit trees are grafted after 25-30
years of production.
– Without grafting or budding 80% of all fruit,
nut and ornamental trees could not be grown
in the diversity of environments in the world.
7
• Budding- is the main form of vegetative
reproduction of deciduous trees.
• The reason for budding:
• Fast form of propagation(takes 10-11 months to
complete)
• Requires only individual buds to attach to each
established root stock.
• Highest success rates for the diversity of plant
materials used.
• Relatively low in cost to execute.
8
• Grafting- is the form of vegetative
reproduction of deciduous trees that is
used to dwarf, invigorate, repair or
improve defects.
• The reason for grafting:
• Used to invigorate established fruit trees by adding
new varieties to an established root stock.
• Repairs damage by mice, rabbits, and humans to
the roots and bark of trees.
• Improves structural defects of trees.
• Is used to dwarf desired plant material.
9
Unit 2
Morphology
• The purpose of this unit is to give
understanding and clarity to the parts and
external structures and their functions.
• Learning Outcomes:
– Students should be able to:
• Identify the external parts of the tree and recall
their functions.
• Locate the structures of a tree.
10
• Introduction:
– Before people can graft or bud they must be
able to locate the major structures and tissues
of the plant (morphology) and understand
their function (physiology).
– Most grafts or budded materials fail because
of poor cambium contact. This is largely due
to the lack of knowledge of location
11
External Structure of a Tree
• Roots
–
–
–
–
–
Suckers
Laterals
Sinkers
Root Hairs
Tap Root
• Stem
–
–
–
–
–
–
Water Sprouts
Central Leader
Scaffolds
Laterals
Lenticels
Fruit Spurs
• Buds
–
–
–
–
Terminal
Lateral
Pseudo-Terminal
Adventitious
12
Roots
•
Tap Root-Major root growing downward
– Usually pruned off in nursery to form fibrous roots for better survival.
•
Lateral Root-roots that extend outward.
– Found in the top 0-6 inches of soil.
– Has greatest concentration of root hairs and storage of water & nutrients.
•
Root Hairs-hairs found on root surfaces.
– Function for 12-24hrs
– Solely responsible for water & nutrient uptake.
•
Sinker roots-Downward growing roots from laterals
– Used to anchor trees from strong winds.
– Some water & nutrient storage.
•
Suckers-Stems that come from the root stock.
– Not desirable for fruit or ornamental uses.
– Usually the result of injury to tree below the union.
13
Roots
Root
Hair
Lateral
Tap
Suckers
Sinker
14
•
Stems
Central Leader-The major trunk of the tree that scaffolds develop off of.
•
Scaffolds- Major limbs that project off of the central leader and support lateral
branches.
•
Laterals-Are the branches that develop off of scaffolds to support buds.
•
Water Sprouts-Are shoots that arise from adventitious buds after pruning.
– Occur above the union.
– Are the preferred wood to make bud sticks or to graft with.
•
Lenticels- ports on a stem that allow exchange of moisture and gases.
•
Fruit Spurs- A modified part of a stem that produces fruit.
– Takes 3 years to produced.
– Is identified by it’s distinctive rings.
•
Internodes- The distance Between nodes.
•
Node-Is a site of pooled cambium that can be stimulated to form buds or roots.
15
Lateral
Central
Leader
Scaffold
Rings
Water Sprouts
Fruit Spur
17
Node
A Bud Arising From A Node
Internodes
Lenticels
19
•
Buds
Buds are organs of the plant that can be stimulated by light, temperature,
and internal chemicals (phyto-hormones) to become:
– Shoots, Leaves, or Flowers
•
Lateral Buds-Buds that are below the terminal buds.
•
Terminal Bud-Is the dominate bud of the stem. It produces high quantities of
phytohormones that suppress the development of buds below it.
•
Pseudo-Terminal Bud-The next bud that assumes the role of the terminal
bud.
•
Adventitious Bud- A bud that arises from a hidden node under the bark of
the tree.
– These show up after heavy pruning or damage to the tree.
•
Phyto-hormones –Chemicals found at node sites that either stimulate or
retard plant growth.
20
Terminal Bud
Lateral Bud
21
Terminal Bud
If Terminal Bud is
Removed
Lateral Bud
Pseudo-Terminal Bud
22
Unit 3 Physiology
• The purpose of this unit is to give
understanding and clarity to the tissues
and internal structures and their functions
of a stem.
• Learning Outcomes:
– Students should be able to:
• Identify the internal tissues of the tree and recall
their functions and application to budding and
grafting.
• Locate the tissues of a tree.
23
Internal Tissues of the Stem
• Epidermis
• Cortex
• Phloem
• Cambium
– (meristem)
• Xylem
– Sapwood
– Heartwood
24
•
Bark- Outer layer that comprises epidermis, cortex, and phloem tissues.
•
Epidermis-Outer protective layer
– Prevents drying out of internal tissues
– A physical barrier to pests and the environment.
•
Cortex Tissue- a multi purpose tissue that can:
– Store food
– Generate cells to form tissues (meristem)
•
Phloem- Food transport tissue
– Only operates in a downward position.
•
Cambium-A stem circled meristem layer that is 4 to 6 cell thick that
generates non-specialized cells to become all other tissues.
– These generated cells are specialized by phyto-hormones produced in the node
sites just below the buds.
– This tissue is located between the bark and xylem tissue.
•
Xylem- is water & nutrient carrying tissues.
– They only function upward by osmosis.
– Types
• Sapwood- Active transport tissue.
• Heartwood- Highly strengthened xylem that is not functioning in a transportation mode.
25
Bark
Cambium
Xylem
26
Cortex
Phloem
Annual Ring
(Xylem)
Epidermis
Epidermis
27
Unit 4 Grafting & Budding Tools
Grafting Cleft
Budding/Grafting Knife
Budding Tape
28
Unit 5 Grafting /Budding Techniques‘ and
Timing
• Requirements for Budding
– Timing
• Late July through Early September
– Plants must be in the same Genus and Species.
• Example: apples budded to apples.
– Collection of bud sticks
• They must be fresh or collected and stored in water held at 40-48
degrees F.
– Proper Tools & Supplies
• Budding or Grafting Knife
• Budding Tape or Bands
29
– Knowledge of Plant Tissue Location
– Correct Procedure
• Attach bud on North side of tree (to prevent desiccation )
– 2-4” above soil line
• Make a “T” incision in bark to the cambium layer.
• Cut a bud from bud stick. (avoid hand contact to tissue side
of bud).
• Insert bud into “T” incision making sure the bud is facing the
correct direction.
• Carefully cut the top portion of the bud with the cross portion
of the “T”
• Secure bud to trunk with bud tape or band.
• Observe bud breaking in Spring. Cut off root stock above
breaking bud (45 degree angle).
30
Make T Cut
Cut 1
(1/2”)
Cut 2
¾”-1”
North side of root stock
• This cut is made on the North side of the root
stock 2-4” above the root stock.
• This is done in Mid-July through the 1st week in
September.
• The cut is made down to the cambium.
31
• Make sure bud stick is facing up. Proceed to cut
underneath bud the same length as cut # 2 in
prior slide ¾”-1”.
• Be sure not to touch tissue side of buds with the
oils of your fingers. (the bud may not work)
32
• T-Bud Cut and
Insertion complete.
• Notice that the top of
the bud has been cut
even with the
horizontal cut.
• The top and bottom
will be taped or
banded to have
intimate contact of
tissues.
Straight cut
after insertion
33
Removal of Root Stock Leader.
New Budded Variety Takes Over.
45 Degree Cut
Summer T- Bud Graft
Following Spring Bud
Break
34
• Requirements for Grafting
– Select desired scion wood from water sprouts.
– Acquire sharp knife & grafting wax.
– Match scion to branch diameter.
– Make scion 3”-5” long
– Make cuts on scion and root stock.
– Attach and cover with wax.
35
Flat Cut
• Select Scion wood
– Match diameter to root
stock
Notch Cut
– Cut top of scion
straight.
Buds
Slanted cut
• You should have a
minimum of 2 buds.
– Cut bottom of scion 1”1”-11/2” slanted cut
– Make a notch cut just
below pith back
towards top of scion
½”-3/4” long.
Notch cut
Below pith
36
Waxed
Stem Thickness
Waxed
Straight
Stem
• Notice the thickness of each stem.
• A successful whip and tongue graft has a
straight stem when finished.
• The tip of the scion & the union of the graft is
covered with grafting wax.
37
Completed Whip & Tongue Graft
38
Other Grafts
• Cleft Graft- used to
rejuvenate an
established fruit tree.
• Bark Graft-Used to
repair damaged
stems
39
Grafting Failure
Scion
Union
Root Stock
Scion Wider Than Root Stock At Union
40