Transcript Using References in a Research Paper

Using References
in a Research Paper
In-text citation:
 The item appearing first item that would appear on the
works-cited page (usually the author’s name or a title of
an artcle/webpage) and the page number (if available)
 These should be separated by a space (not a comma)
For a book or article:
 Include the author’s name & the page number
For an online site:
 Include the author’s name if available
 If there is not author’s name use the title of the web-page
or article
Examples:
 Quotation: “Quoted material” (Author’s last name
Page number).
 Paraphrase: Paraphrased sentence/passage
(Author’s last name Page number)
 Quote from a web source with no author’s name:
“Quoted Material” (“Article or Web Page Title”)
Correct the errors
 “He spoke to us in German and then left us behind”
(Donaldson, p. 45)
 The film version of Ghandi’s life does not show the
part “played by Subhas Chandra Bose in the events
leading to the independence of India (Bennett).”
Correct the errors
 According to the article, the use of the term “defense
strategy” is an example of propaganda because it
really means a strategy for aggressive war.
(http://ihr.org/jhr/v06/v06p--9_Bennett.html)
 Note: The author is John Bennett.
Using Quotes:
Introducing a Quote
 Avoid just plopping a quote into your paper
 When using a quote put it in context so that it is clear to
the reader:
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What is the source of the quote?
What is the quote about?
 Use signal phrases to introduce the quote:
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States
Asserts
Argues
Points out
Concludes
According to
Using Quotes:
Introducing a Quote
Example:
In support of the death penalty, Edward Koch argues
that “life is precious, and…the death penalty helps
affirm this fact” (857).
Note: If you use the author’s name to introduce the
quote, don’t include it in the parenthesis.
Using Quotes:
Analyzing a Quote
 Whenever you include a quote you should include
your own analysis. Be sure to fully answer the
following questions:
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What does the quote mean?
How does the quote support the thesis statement?
Using Quotes:
Analyzing a Quote
 Example:
 Thesis statement: As seen in Orwell’s 1984, language can be
used as a form of brainwashing, effecting the way people see
themselves and the world around them.
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“There is a Chinese word for female, which is slave,” writes
Maxine Hong Kingston. “Break the women with the own
tongues!” She means that since women had no other word to
use to refer to themselves than one meaning slave, they
eventually lost any sense of dignity and independence they
might once have had (191).
Word-for-Word Paraphrasing
Example:
Original: Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of
roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse
manager hires and fires the nursing personnel.
Paraphrase: Critical care nurses have a hierarchy of
roles. The nurse manager hires and fires nurses.
Proper Note Taking
Use proper note taking to avoid word-for-word
paraphrasing.
Original: Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of
roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse
manager hires and fires the nursing personnel.
Notes:
Patchwork Paraphrasing
 Made up of pieces of the original work and pieces of
the student’s own writing
 It can be considered plagiarism because the student
does not use quotation marks to show that the
copied phrases are not their own
Patchwork Paraphrasing
 Example:
 Original: Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles.
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Patchwork: In her study of nurses in a critical care unit, Chase
states that nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. (156)
Mixed Quotations
 Use a mix of paraphrasing and quotation to correct
and patchwork paraphrase
 Make sure to explain the quoted part to show you
understand it.
 Example:
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Original: Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles.
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Patchwork: In her study of nurses in a critical care unit, Chase
states that nurses “function in a hierarchy of roles”. Each
nurse has a different role. (156)
Block Quotes
Block Quote
 When a quote is more than 4 lines in length, set it as
a block quote.
 In MLA format, block quotes should be doublespaced and indented 10 spaces from the margin.
 Do not use quotation marks.
 Still include your citation at the end of the quote.
Sample Block Quote
The trickster figure, while crucial to Native American
mythos, also surfaces in African-American mythology. In
explaining folkloric representations of the devil, Hurston
emphasizes that
…he is not the terror that he is in European folklore.
He is a powerful trickster who often successfully
competes with God. There is a strong suspicion that
the devil is an extension of the story makers while
God is the supposedly impregnable white masters….
(306)
In this statement, Hurston suggests that African-American
storytellers identify strongly with the trickster figure. It
is this identification that helped keep the idea of pride
and rebellion alive during the hardships of slavery.