Transcript Chapter 17: Age of Absolute Monarchs

Chapter 17: Age of Absolute
Monarchs
Sections 1 & 2
Extending Spanish Power
France Under Louis XIV
The Hapsburg Empire
Charles V (1506-1556)
• 1500s: Spain emerged as a European power
• 1506: inherited father Philip I (Handsome) of
Spain’s lands in the Netherlands; mother was
Joanna “the mad” of Castile (became deranged
when Philip died of typhus at age 28); aunt was
Joanna’s sister Catherine (married Henry VIII!)
• 1519: Charles V/Charles I of Spain (grandson of
Isabella & Ferdinand) inherited a huge empire
(Spain, Netherlands, HRE).
• Ruled an empire in which “the sun does not set.”
• Devout Catholic…but forced to recognize Peace of
Augsburg (1555)
• Greatest enemy: Ottoman Empire & Suleiman the
Magnificent
Abdication of Charles V (1556)
• 1556: He gave up his empire to brother, next
HRE, Ferdinand (Hapsburg lands) & son
Philip (Spain, Netherlands, S. Italy and
possessions in the Americas).
• Retired to a monastery in Yuste, Spain
• Died Sept. 21, 1558 of malaria; also suffered
from severe gout
• His remains were transferred to El Escorial
26 years later by his son Philip II.
Suleiman the Magnificent
1520-1566
• Known as the Lawgiver in
the Islamic world
• Fair ruler, opponent of
corruption, patron of
artists & philosophers
• He was a goldsmith &
poet
• Oversaw Golden Age of
Ottoman Empire
• Annexed Middle
East/North Africa;
conquered Rhodes,
Belgrade, Hungary and
laid siege to Vienna
• Died in his tent in
Hungary (age 72)
Philip II (1556-1598) &
Divine Right
• Ruled Spain as absolute monarch for 42 yrs.
• Believed his authority to rule came from god = divine
right
• Strengthened the govt. and defended the Counter
Reformation; supported the Inquisition
• Lived in somber palace of San Lorenzo de El Escorial outside
Madrid; served as both a monastery and burial place --- after
a horrible experience accompanying his mother’s corpse
from N. Spain to Granada for burial next to his greatgrandparents Isabella & Ferdinand, he vowed to build a
burial site closer to home.
• San Lorenzo was a Spanish martyr roasted on a grill/gridiron
(El Escorial is shaped like this) in Rome; his feast day was
being celebrated when Philip II defeated France in the
Battle of San Quentin on August 10, 1557.
Crypt of the Kings/Royal
Pantheon
Panteón de los Infantes
Crypt facts & figures
• the body of every king and queen (only those who became
mothers of kings!) since Carlos I (HRE Charles V), in 1558,
except three -- Felipe V, Ferdinand VI, and Amadeus of Savoy
– are buried here.
• Current King, Juan Carlos I, will not be buried in this
octagonal room – no more space!
• The rulers' bodies lie in 26 marble and bronze sarcophagi that
line the walls (three of which are empty) – waiting to be
filled by Juan Carlos’ grandparents and father.
• royal sons and daughters who never ruled (and died before
age 7) lie nearby in the Panteón de los Infantes (a single
circular cake-like tomb made of Carrara marble).
• Rotting Room!: place for corpses to turn to skeletons to fit
inside the golden caskets (approx. 1 yard long).
• ARE THEY STILL ROTTING?: Juan Carlos’ grandfather
died in 1941, and his grandmother died in 1964!
Wars of Philip II
• 1571: defeated Turks at Battle of Lepanto
• 1560s: battled Protestant rebels (rebelling against the
Inquisition) in the Netherlands…1581: Dutch
Netherlands split from the Catholic “south”
• 1580s: Queen Elizabeth I seen as chief Protestant
enemy --- 1588: Philip sent his Armada to fight the
English Sea Dogs in the English Channel
• Sir Francis Drake – called “Master Thief of the
Unknown World”
• English defeated the Spanish Armada; Elizabeth’s
greatest victory
Philip II vs. Elizabeth I
July 29, 1588
• Spanish Armada took 130 ships (converted merchant ships;
broad & heavy) and 30,000+ men with the mission to land
near Dover, England.
• English had approx. 200 ships
• English set fire to empty ships and sent them into the
Spanish fleet; this disrupted a planned meeting with the
Duke of Parma’s army in SE England.
• English blocked southern end of the Channel/Spanish had
to retreat home NORTH over England, Scotland & Ireland!
• Strong storms “Protestant Winds” led to the loss of ½ of
Spanish Armada and ¾ of men
Golden Age of Spain
1550-1650
• Philip II – patron of
the arts
• Art (mannerism): El
Greco, Diego
Velazquez (famous
court painter)
• Writing: Lope de
Vega, Miguel de
Cervantes
El Greco (1541-1614)
• Domenikos
Theotokopoulos
• Born in Crete
• Lived in Toledo
• Spent time in Venice and
Rome
• Studied Titian,
Michelangelo & Raphael
• Emotional intensity,
distorted images, religious
intensity in his work
The Burial of Count Orgaz
El Greco
Las Meninas/Maids of Honor of the Royal
Children (The Family of Philip IV):
Diego Velasquez
France Under Louis XIV
• 1600s: France replaced Spain as most powerful
European country
• 1560s-1590: religious wars btw. Huguenots and
Catholics
• Aug. 24, 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
--- 3,000 Protestants massacred 1 week after the
royal wedding day of Henry of Navarre (IV)
(Protestant) to Marguerite de Valois, daughter of
Catherine de Medici & Henry II of France
(Catholic)
• Approx. 70,000 massacred over many months
Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)
• Married Henry II (France) at age 14 (he was also 14)
• Uncle was Pope Clement VII, who refused to annul Henry
VIII’s marriage
• Competed with Henry’s mistress, Diane de Poitiers
• Mastered the art of lying & assassination by poisoning
• Was a woman of fashion & luxury (high heels and corsets
& lavish banquets)
• May have orchestrated the St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre due to the fact that her son, King Charles IX,
was getting “too close” to Huguenot Admiral Gaspard de
Coligny
• Married her oldest daughter, Elizabeth, to Philip II of
Spain
King Henry II (1547-1559)
• Produced 10 children with
Catherine de Medici
• Son Charles IX ruled during
St. B.D. Massacre
• Daughter Marguerite married
Charles IV
• Died in a jousting match when
a sliver from a shattered
wooden lance penetrated the
closed visor, his right eye and
into his brain
• He died 11 days later.
• Royal surgeon Ambroise Paré
& Andreas Vesalius tried to
save him.
• Died on July 10th; buried in
Saint Denis Basilica.
Nostradamus’ Prediction
• The Lion shall
overcome the old
on the field of war in
a single combat
(duelle);
He will pierce his eyes
in a cage of gold
This is the first of two
lappings, then he dies
a cruel death.
• Catherine de Medici
had the Comte de
Montgomery (jousting
opponent) beheaded,
as well as 4 criminals,
who had lances thrust
into their eyes at the
same angle as Henry’s
wound – to help the
doctors find a cure.
Henry IV (1553-1610)
• Huguenot prince…inherited French throne in 1589
• Annulled his marriage to Marguerite (Henry II’s daughter);
married Marie de Medici --- had 6 children
• Baptized a Catholic, but raised a Protestant by his mother
• Converted back to Catholicism… “Paris is well worth a
mass.”
• Edict of Nantes (1598): granted protestants toleration in a
catholic country
• Stabbed to death by a fanatical Catholic assassin, François
Ravaillac, in 1610
• 9 yr. old son, Louis XIII, took the throne
Louis XIII (1610-1643)
• Oldest son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici
• Maria served as regent until Louis was 13 yrs. of
age.
• Married Anne of Austria at age 14
• Appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his chief minister
• Richelieu’s goal was to destroy power of the
Huguenots & nobles and strengthen the monarchy.
• Richelieu’s successor Cardinal Mazarin served as
chief minister to Louis XIV, who inherited the
throne in 1643 at the age of 5. Louis XIII may
have died of tuberculosis.
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
“The Sun King”
• (1661) Mazarin died & Louis took power of the throne
himself (age 23) & ruled for 72 years…longest reign of
any European monarch
• Regents were Cardinal Mazarin and Anne of Austria
• Believed in divine right, took the sun as his symbol of
absolute power, and motto was “I am the state.”
• Never called a meeting of the Estates General; royal
power went unchecked!
• Strengthened French army, appointed intendants to
carry out policy
• Army (300,000 +) became one of the strongest in Europe
Louis XIV continued
• Appointed Jean Baptiste
Colbert as his finance minister
• Mercantilist who boosted
French economy
• Put high tariffs on imported
goods
• Encouraged overseas colonies
and closely regulated trade
with the colonies in N. America:
St. Louis, Missouri; Mobile,
Alabama; Biloxi, Mississippi; Baton
Rouge & New Orleans, Louisiana;
Quebec, Montreal
• Died on September 1, 1715 of
gangrene poisoning (cause
unknown)
Louis XIV continued
• Louis XIV also revoked the Edict of Nantes (1685); led
to over 100,000 Huguenots fleeing France; their loss was
as serious a blow to France as the loss of Jews & Muslims
from Spain.
• Louis died in 1715; 5 year-old great grandson Louis XV
inherited the throne; his only surviving son, Louis, died in
1711. *He and Marie-Therese had 5 children die in
infancy.
• Louis XV died of smallpox at Versailles.
• His great-great grandson Louis XVI took the throne and
married Marie Antoinette. They were both beheaded in the
guillotine (1793) during the French Revolution.
Marie-Therese
• Wife of Louis XIV;
married in 1660
• Daughter of King Philip
IV of Spain;
granddaughter of Henry
IV & Marie de Medici
• She was short, dwarflike
& had the Hapsburg lip
(extended lower jaw;
genetic defect)
• He had at least 3
mistresses and many
illegitimate children
• Died on July 30, 1683
(poisoning or cancer???)
Name
Birth
Death
Louis de France, Fils de France, le Grand
Dauphin
1 November
1661
14 April 1711
Anne-Élisabeth de France, Fille de France
November
18, 1662
December
30, 1662
Marie-Anne de France, Fille de France
November
16, 1664
December
26, 1664
Marie-Thérèse de France, Fille de France,
la Petite Madame
January 2,
1667
March 1,
1672
Philippe-Charles de France, Fils de France,
duc d'Anjou
August 5,
1668
July 10, 1671
Louis-François de France, Fils de France,
duc d'Anjou
June 14, 1672 November 4,
1672
Versailles and Royal Power
• Built palace at Versailles (1668-1710): 4 building
campaigns
• 1st court officially held on May 6, 1682
• Had 1,300 rooms, housed 10,000 people, had magnificent
halls (Hall of Mirrors), salons, mirrors, chandeliers,
paintings, statues, gardens, fountains (1,500) and flowers
(tulips)
• Perfected elaborate ceremonies such as the levee or rising,
which kept the nobility occupied
• Patron of the arts: painting, music, ballet, architecture,
academies of arts and sciences
War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713)
• King Charles II of Spain died w/o an heir and named Philip
V, grandson of Louis XIV, King of Spain.
• Louis’ mother (Anne of Austria) & his wife/cousin (MarieTherese) were both Spanish princesses.
• HRE Leopold I also claimed the throne as an Austrian
Hapsburg. Charles II was his first cousin.
• Louis XIV wanted to unite France and Spain as one.
• English & Dutch led the fight to prevent a shift in the
balance of power in Europe.
• Treaty of Utrecht---Philip V remained King of Spain
(although a French Bourbon), BUT France agreed never to
unite the two crowns