Industrialization & Imperialism

Chapter 24

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Motives for Imperialism

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Social Darwinism- racist belief that the fittest will and should survive and conquer the weaker. “If I can

conquer you, I have the right to conquer you. It’s the way of nature.”

Nationalism Economic Competition Missionary work Political Power Racist “White supremacist” ideas

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5 MOTIVES

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ECONOMIC- make money, trade, raw materials, new markets, investments, export technology, etc.

POLITICAL- gain power, competition w/ other European nations, expand territory, military force, prestige, win colonies, nationalistic pride, security RELIGIOUS- spread Christianity, protect missionaries, spread European values and beliefs, educate, end slave trade EXPLORATORY- explore “unknown”, scientific research, medical searches, adventure, IDEOLOGICAL- based on cultural values such as “white supremacy”, the idea that other cultures were primitive, that Europeans should civilize other nations, the strongest will survive (Social Darwinism)

How Industry = Imperialism

 Industrialization from 1850 in Europe changed the nature of European overseas expansion to Imperialism  Raw Materials- for MACHINES  New markets- for trading mass produced goods  Industrial technology- allowed further infiltration of foreign lands

Two Cases: India and Java Comparison

Example #1: Dutch Advance on Java

 Dutch established Batavia 1619  at first Dutch paid tribute to Mataram  gained monopoly on spice trade  1670s Dutch began to intervene in wars of succession, using Dutch command of native soldiers  Each war of succession led to more land ceded to Dutch  1750 Complete Dutch dictated kingdom

Example #2: INDIA

 After the Mughal lost power, the East India Company basically took over    This was a British Company Had their own army, lead by UK officers Sepoys- Indian soldiers who worked in the East India Company’s military  India became the “Jewel in the Crown”   Most important British colony Supplied the raw materials for many British factories

 Sepoy Mutiny    May 10, 1857, the sepoys (Indian soldiers in East India Co. military) rebelled An uprising in Northern India Took more than a year for the East India Company to regain control of the country  Indians lost due to lack of unity    Many princes stayed out of the fighting because they had alliances with the British Hindus vs. Muslims (Mughals) Sikhs were against the Mughals so they supported the British

The Results of the Mutiny

   The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point  The British tightened its control over India  The Raj- the name given to the time of British rule in India (1757 1947) Racist attitudes were increased as a result Distrust between Indians and the British increased

Cultural Blending

 18 th century, “mixed” relationships widely accepted  19 th century greater social division- “mixed” marriages lessened

Social Reform in the Colonies: 3 Changes      Until the early 19 th Century- Dutch and British encouraged caste division-no push for change. But… India was the first conscious attempt to diffuse Western culture into a colony #1: 1770- Rampant corruption resulted in famine in Bengal  restructured EIC  cleaned courts  limited Indian control in gov ’ t #2 Evangelical Christians moved to end slavery, reform India #3 Introduced Western education, English language, eradication Indian superstition, sati- influence of Ram Mohun Roy

Impact of Colonialism

 Positive Effects for India  3 rd largest railroad built  Developed modern economy, united India      Roads, telephone lines dams, bridges, irrigation Sanitation improved Education improved British military kept peace Missionaries began to introduce Christianity to India.

 Negative Effects for India     British held most of the power Indian industry not allowed to compete with Britain (ran Indian textiles out of business) Cash crops (ie cotton) instead of food production- famine Racist attitudes

Rivalry: Conflict and Compromise

The SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

Nations Compete for Overseas Empires

  Who was Dr. Livingstone?

 A minister from Scotland looking for source of the Nile   Thought dead Henry Stanley found him in n1871 How Belgium took control of the Congo  1879- Stanley signed treaty with Congo Valley chiefs     King Leopold II of Belgium gained control over lands He said he was trying to abolish slave trade.

Forced labor (rubber trees), heavy taxes, other abuses- caused concern around the world Soon France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal , Spain were in a race to acquire African colonies.

Colonial Wars & Apex of Imperialism

 economic competition  rivalry over colonial holding by early 19 th century  Array of new weaponry allowed push further into interior of Africa, Pacific Islands, China, Japan  Peoples fiercely resisted with little success; guerilla resistance, sabotage, banditry best methods of resistance

The Berlin Conference

• • • • WHY AFRICA?

At first Europe was looking for trade routes • • • Copper, tin, gold, and diamonds in Africa attracted Europe • Countries began to scramble for parts of Africa to control HOW COULD THEY AVOID A WAR OVER TERRITORY?

THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 Was a meeting to set guidelines for the division of Africa No African leaders were present Africa was divided with no regard to African language or ethnic barriers Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

Patterns of Dominance: Continuity & Change

 Industrialization created an unevenness of power Europe vs Everyone else  Tropical Dependencies: small group of Europeans dominated large populations of natives Settlement colonies: (A) White Dominion, large land, small population of empire (B) Both Dependent & Settlement with large white populations competed with large native population

How Europe Administered the Colonies

 Exploited existing rivalries  Divided into “ tribes ”  Europeans used local leaders for local/mass bureaucracy or imported Indian Sepoys to maintain control

Changing Social Relations

 Education was church based  rise of Asian/African middle class  increasing conflict between colonizer and colonies  Increasing European population in colonies fed more division; wives and families of Europeans arrived  Interracial marriage was disapproved of as a result of white racial supremacy and Social Darwinist theories: mental, moral superiority of whites over the rest of humankind

Methods of Economic Control

 District officers policed, collected taxes  Colonizers attempted to teach methods of agriculture  tried to increase production, lower cost of purchase of goods  Advantages of Industry (railroads, etc) were brought to colonies mostly in order to benefit Europe

D. Settler Colonies in South Africa & Pacific

 Presence of large numbers of European settlers and indigenous populations altered the political/cultural dynamics from India  Devastating demographic, geographic changes

South Africa

 Cape Town established by Dutch; enslavement, syncretism between populations  19 th Century Britain competes for South Africa; annexed in 1815  1830s British interference sent Boers on Great Trek; 1850 established Boer Republics  Boers Wars began with discovery of diamond, gold in Republics, with British victory  System of Apartheid (racial segregation in S. Africa) allowed due to British guilt

Other Regions

Pacific Tragedies

  a. New Zealand  1790s timber, whaling brought disease, alcoholism  Colonization in the Pacific mirrored that of the Americas Indigenous populations vulnerable to diseases, corruption, led to disintegration, suffering 1840s adapted farming, worked in mills, trade   1850s British claim islands to expand empire Maori fight, driven to exterior; adapt with education use of legal system

Hawaii

 Hawaii not official colony until annexed by US in 1898  Captain Cook ’ s voyages mixed results  Early Hawaii leadership realized benefits of westernization: merchants, trade, missionary activity, extensive school systems  Epidemic effects caused importation of Asian workers  Weak leadership allowed US planters to manipulate political system for economic, military benefit