Instruments, V-Speeds, and Airport Traffic Pattern Procedures

Transcript Instruments, V-Speeds, and Airport Traffic Pattern Procedures

Instruments, V-Speeds, and Airport Traffic Pattern Procedures

FAA-H-8083-25A, FAA-H-8083-3A, FAR/AIM, Cessna 1981 172P Information Manual

What we will be covering…

 What each instrument does in the cockpit and how we use it    V-Speeds (what we use each V-Speed for) How to fly/Procedures to do an airport traffic pattern Any questions feel free to ask!

First off, the cockpit panel…

The Airspeed Indicator

• • Gives you airspeed in knots The pitot tube on the outside of the plane collects the ram air to give you a reading on the airspeed indicator FAA-H-8083-25A 7-8

The Attitude Indicator

• • Also known as the artificial horizon, this instrument gives you pitch and bank information Gives you an instantaneous indication to all changes in pitch and bank FAA-H-8083-25A 7-18

The Altimeter

• • • This instrument measures your height above a given pressure setting You can set the given pressure in the Altimeter pressure window It works like a clock, the small hand gives you thousands and the large hand gives you hundreds of feet What altitude is it reading?

FAA-H-8083-25A 7-3

The Turn Coordinator

• • The Turn Coordinator gives you rate of turn and the side to side movement of the aircraft (Yaw) The dashes under the aircraft signify a standard rate turn at 3 degrees per second FAA-H-8083-25A 7-17, 7--18

The Heading Indicator

• • • Gives you a heading You must first set it using the Magnetic Compass The plane rotates around to give you the heading reading FAA-H-8083-25A 7-20

The Vertical Speed Indicator

• • • Gives you vertical speed/rate of climbs and descents ( measured in hundreds) Gives you an instantaneous indication of vertical speed After 6-9 seconds the measure will be more exact and read how many ft. you’re climbing or descending FAA-H-8083-25A 7-8

Questions

    What instrument tells you airspeed?

What instrument tells you heading?

What instrument tells you bank?

What instrument tells you attitude?

V-Speeds! But Why?

 V-Speeds are designated speeds for a specific flight condition  Each type and model of aircraft has its own set of V Speeds because no two models of aircrafts are exactly alike. This data is based on a Piper Warrior FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Vr – Rotation Speed

 Vr is the speed that the pilot begins rotating the aircraft prior to lift-off  This speed is 60 KIAS Skyhawk 172P information manual 4-3 and FAA-H-8083-25A 8-3, FAA-H 8083-3A G-16, G-17

Vx – Best Angle

  Vx is for best angle of climb Vx gives the greatest altitude gain in the shortest horizontal distance   This would help to clear a 50ft obstacle The plane has a steep attitude to clear obstacles with no regard to the amount of time to get to a given altitude.  This speed is 66 KIAS Skyhawk 172P information manual 4-3 and FAA-H-8083-25A 8-3, FAA-H-8083-3A 3-13

Vy – Best Rate

  This speed will get you to your altitude the fastest “The best rate of climb (Vy) has no regard to the distance traveled over the ground, but instead to the amount of time it will take to get to a given altitude.”  You might use this V-Speed to get to pattern altitude after takeoff  This speed is 75 KIAS Skyhawk 172P information manual 4-3 , FAA-H-8083-25A 8-3, FAA-H-8083-3A 3-13

Vy vs. Vx

    Vx has a steeper angle over Vy so you can clear obstacles at the end of the runway Vy is for getting to your altitude the fastest way possible. This would be used when there are no obstacles to clear on the ground In a race between a plane climbing at Vx and one climbing at Vy, Which one would get to 3,000 ft first?

Vy would win because you are going faster over all even though you have a lower angle, with Vx you have a higher angle but you are climbing at a slower speed Skyhawk 172P information manual 4-3, FAA-H-8083-25A 8-3, FAA-H-8083-3A 3-13

Vy vs. Vx Graph

Va – Maneuvering Speed

  The maximum speed for an abrupt maneuver You can make one full scale deflection of one of the control surfaces on one of the axis’s, the plane will stall before it breaks apart  This speed is 107 KIAS http://www.aopa.org/News-and-Video/All-News/2011/January/20/SAIB-aims-at-better-V-speed-understanding.aspx

Vs – Stall Speed Clean

 Vs is Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at idle power  This means with your flaps up, this is the speed you will stall at  This speed is 56 KIAS FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Vso – Stall Speed Dirty

 Vso is Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in landing configuration (flaps full down) and idle power  This speed is 50 KIAS FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Vfe – Maximum flaps extended

  This is the maximum speed with flaps extended. If you are above this speed and you put the flaps down you risk shearing off the flaps  This speed is 100 KIAS FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Vno – Maximum normal operating

   Vno is the maximum structural cruising speed Do not exceed this speed unless in smooth air This speed is 121 KIAS FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Vne – Never Exceed

     Never-exceed this speed Operating above this speed is strictly prohibited because it could result in a structural failure Basically DO NOT EXCEED THIS SPEED!

The aircraft structure can only support so much stress and going above this speed would put a considerable amount of stress on the airframe that with a result of the airframe ripping apart This speed is 153 KIAS FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Vglide – Best glide speed

 This is the speed in which the least amount of drag is induced on the aircraft, thus resulting in the best speed to glide at  This speed is used during normal landings and engine failures  This speed is 69KIAS FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Maximum demonstrated crosswind  This is a recommended crosswind component , but I strongly suggest you don’t exceed this crosswind component  The Max crosswind Component is 17 knots of a direct crosswind FAA-H-8083-3A G-16, G-17

Questions

 What V-Speed does the plane stall in a clean configuration?

 What V-Speed would you use to clear a 50 foot tall tree at the end of the runway?

 What V-Speed would you use if you wanted to climb to 2,500 ft. fast?

 What V-Speed would tell you when its ok to put the flaps down?

Airport Traffic Patterns

   Airport Traffic Patterns are deigned to give a “flow” to the airport. This is so its not a free-for-all to see who can get to the runway first. The pattern provides specific routes for takeoffs, departures, arrivals, and landings Each airport has a pattern, and for the most part are all the same. Some airports have special rules to their patterns. These can be found in the Airport Field Directory This information is based on calm winds FAA-H-8083-3A 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, AIM 4-3-2, 4-3-3

The Standard Pattern   Every turn in the pattern is made to the left  Patterns should be flown 1,000 ft. above the Airports field elevation  A pattern is basically a rectangle that is flown after departing the runway The Air Traffic Control Tower has ultimate authority over the pattern FAA-H-8083-3A 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, AIM 4-3-2, 4-3-3

Before we start you should know the legs of the pattern departure Upwind FAA-H-8083-3A 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, AIM 4-3-2, 4-3-3