Transcript No Slide Title
Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles
Global Trends in Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles
Elisa Dumitrescu United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), PCFV Clearing-House
The PCFV: Background & Mission
• September 2002
:
Launched at World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) to: “Help developing countries to develop action plans to complete the global elimination of leaded gasoline and start to phase down sulphur in diesel and gasoline fuels , concurrent with adopting cleaner vehicle requirements .” • Cleaner Fuels + Cleaner Vehicles = Reductions in polluting emissions/better urban air quality • Launch of Global Lead Campaign , Promotion of sulphur reductions in fuels (support for region and country goals with ultimate goal of 50 ppm or below) • Cleaner vehicle technology
Partners
Industry Governments Int. Organisations NGOs
Partnership Activities
The Partnership provides
assistance to governments, international organizations and NGOs
Specifically, this means: for the promotion of cleaner fuels and vehicles. •
Technical, networking (including experts), and funding support regional and national workshops
, seminars and
training
for sessions aimed at developing and implementing action plans for the elimination of leaded gasoline, the reduction of sulphur and the promotion of cleaner vehicles and vehicle technology; • Support for
specific activities
, such as
awareness campaigns
and
demonstration heavy duty diesel vehicle retrofit projects
aimed at demonstrating cleaner vehicle technology and lower emissions; •
Global Working Groups
developing resources on
Sulphur Reduction
in Fuels,
Public Awareness
,
Octane
, and
Leaded Gasoline Phaseout
: Valve Seat Recession; • Annual
Global Partnership Meetings
Support to Date
• Regional and sub-regional events in Africa for • Lead Phaseout; • National
technical expert groups Public awareness campaigns and environmental training events
in over 10 countries • 3 regional workshops for sulphur in Central America in Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico; • Central & South America Auto Clubs one-day training on cleaner fuels and vehicles; • Cleaner fuels and vehicles regional workshop for Central and Eastern Europe & Turkey in Hungary; •
Lead Phase-out support
to Yemen; • Santiago, Chile Diesel Bus & Truck
Retrofit
•
Project
(USEPA);
Training on Cleaner Vehicles
in Bulgaria
Support, ctd.
• Tools for
Retrofit and Cleaner Bus Fleets
(forthcoming) & upcoming regional
training for bus fleet managers
to be held in Turkey; • Upcoming
Sulphur and Octane reports
.
UNEP Urban Air Quality Projects
• Study on
Nairobi Vehicle Emissions
•
Air Quality Workshops and Air Quality Monitoring
Ghana in Tanzania and • Study of
soil lead levels and blood lead levels
Nairobi, Kenya in and around •
Hybrid Vehicles Report
(forthcoming)
Urban Air Quality Worldwide
Nairobi CBD, 2005 Thomas Harrison-Prentice
°
WHO:
–
Every year 1.5 billion urbanites breathe air that exceeds WHO standards;
–
Well over 800,000 deaths each year due to urban air pollution;
–
More than 70% of deaths developing world; from outdoor air pollution occur in the
°
Costs:
–
World health costs of urban air pollution are estimated to approach US$1 billion per year .
–
In developing countries the health effects of air pollution cost between 5% - 20% of GDP .
Transport and Air Quality
° Almost
half the world’s population
now lives in cities
;
°
Urban air pollution largely attributed to transport and industry emissions;
° Local pollution often severe
;
°
Transboundary movement
of pollutants such as PM, nitrogen, heavy metals, organic pollutants; °
Key to climate change:
Road transport is responsible for 1/5 1/4 of all CO
2
emissions globally...
Health Effects
Premature Deaths Cancer Developmental Effects Hospitalization Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis Particles (PM 10 /PM 2.5)
Premature death, aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, aggravated asthma, and acute respiratory symptoms.
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
impact respiratory health and aggravate asthma. In addition, SOx result in the acidification of local environments, damaging buildings and urban greenery.
Ozone (O 3 )
irritate the respiratory system; reduce lung function and make it more difficult to breathe deeply; and, inflame and damage the lining of the lungs, which may lead to permanent changes in lung tissue.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Exposure to elevated CO levels is associated with impairment of visual perception, work capacity, manual dexterity, learning ability, and performance of complex tasks.
Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)
Respiratory illness and acid rain.
Transport & Air Quality: Europe
Transport emissions of air pollutants
• Air pollutant emissions in European countries
decreased by 1/3
in the past decade (PM and ozone precursors down by 30-40% from 1990-2003); •
Technical improvements/tighter standards
for transport; • Intro of
cleaner fuels
directly impacts emissions from road transport - form of transport closest to people, therefore more exposure; • But overall growth in volume of concern...
Loss in average statistical life expectancy (months) due to identified anthropogenic PM 2.5
Particulate Matter
° Avg. 9 months of life
expectancy lost
° 4 million life years
lost annually
° 386,000 premature
deaths annually
° 110,000 serious
hospital admissions annually Ground-Level Ozone
° 21,400 premature
deaths annually
Vehicular Pollution Control
Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles: A System for Better Air Quality • Vehicles, both petrol and diesel, emit significant amounts of pollutants; • Cleaner fuels and vehicles most viable method of reducing vehicle emissions, air pollution today; • Low-sulphur and lead-free fuels affect emissions directly ; • And enable the use of cleaner vehicle technology such as catalytic converters, which can further reduce pollutants by around 90%; • Cleaner fuels (ultra-low sulphur petrol and diesel) allow for the use of latest high-fuel efficiency technology in vehicles. Advanced engines make 20-45% reduction in CO2 possible.
Cleaner Fuels - Unleaded
° Leaded gasoline affects mental development children (loss of IQ) & health of adults - toxic even at very low levels; ° Lead elimination enables the use of catalytic converters in petrol vehicles (CO, HC, NOx around 90%); ° Partnership Campaign to Eliminate Leaded Gasoline Worldwide by end 2008; ° Turkey: January 2006 phase-out.
Example of Leaded Petrol In Egypt: Yearly effects of leaded gasoline estimated to cause up to 11,000 heart attacks, 1,400 strokes, up to 11, 000 premature deaths, and average IQ loss of 4.25 in children.
Leaded Petrol Worldwide
Why Low Sulphur?
° Diesel sulphur levels in Europe can be as low as 10 ppm while in developing countries levels reach 10,000 ppm...
Lowering sulphur 1. Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles: SO 2 From All Vehicles PM From Diesel Vehicles CO, HC, NOx From All Catalyst Vehicles 2. Enables Advanced Vehicle After-treatment technologies below 500 ppm & Tighter Standards For New Vehicles; 3. Enables Retrofit of Existing Heavy-Duty Vehicles; 4. Low sulphur petrol enhances functioning of three-way catalysts (maximum efficiency at near-zero sulphur levels).
Percent Increase Compared to 150 PPM Sulfur 60% 50% 40% 30% 33% 20% 10% 0% CO/10 Michael Walsh 67% 26% HC 74% 500 ppm 800 ppm 70% 30% NOx
in Bangkok Due To Sulfur in Fuel (Diesel)
Percent Increase Compared to 150 PPM Sulfur 94% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 45% 0% 5% 350 ppm 16% 500 ppm 33% HC NOx PM Michael Walsh
Sulphur Reduction Engine Benefits
Going from 10,000 to 5,000 ppm sulphur diesel, engine life is expected to increase by over 40%
100 80 60 40 20 0 1.000
high average low 3.000
5.000
7.000
9.000
PPM sulphur 11.000
13.000
Engine life and sulfur levels. Source: Detroit Diesel
Global Trends for Sulphur in Fuels
Global Trends for Sulphur in Fuels, ctd.
Michael Walsh
2 00 3 2 00 5 2 00 7 C u rr e n t a n d E x p e c te d D i e s e l S u l fu r L i m its EU 10 ,00 0 B u lg a r ia C ro a tia U S A U S A ( C A R B ) M e x ic o B ra z il B e iji n g , C h in a C h in a * J a p a n 10 ,00 0 1 0,0 0 0 5 ,00 0 4 ,5 0 0 4,0 00 3 ,50 0 3,0 00 p p m 2 ,50 0 2 ,0 0 0 T h a ila n d S o u th A fr ic a M o ro c c o 0 S a u d i A ra b ia 1,5 00 1 ,00 0 5 00 * f u t u re p lan s n o t ye t a n n o u n c ed
IFQC, 2005 US: 2006 sulphur in gasoline avg. 30 ppm, cap of 80 ppm; diesel 15 ppm cap by June 2006; coincide with US Tier II standards for cars, light-trucks, and sport-utility vehicles.
Europe: “Zero sulphur” introduced in 2005 for both petrol and diesel; 10 ppm maximum allowable by 2009; widespread already in Europe due to tax incentives.
Vehicle Emissions Standards Worldwide
Correlated to spread of low sulphur fuel...
The Systems Approach: Vehicle Technology
• Cleaner fuels allow for more advanced vehicle emission standards and improved technology: • For
petrol
vehicles, 3-way catalysts used with the closed-loop air/fuel control systems. Standard technology on all new petrol cars. Lead poisons catalyst, maximum efficiency at ultra-low (50 ppm or less) sulphur.
MECA
Diesel Technology
•
Diesel Technology
• For
new diesel
vehicles, progress made in reducing diesel engine emissions by improving diesel technology (advanced high-pressure fuel injection, lightweight materials, advanced transmissions, low-resistance tires, etc.); • + Exhaust Treatment Technologies •
Oxidation Catalyst
(also used on flex fuel vehicles and CNG); can operate with fuel sulphur levels of 500 ppm, maximum effectiveness is reached with 50 ppm or less fuel sulphur. Reductions of PM by diesel oxidation catalysts range between 20-50%, with reductions in HC and CO of between 60-90%.
MECA
Diesel Technology, ctd.
•
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF):
Filter out PM and are usually paired with catalysts. DPF’s work best when sulphur levels are less than 15 ppm, but still operate at 95% efficiency with 50 ppm sulphur fuel. Reduce PM by 80 90%.
• Around the world, more than
200,000 DPFs
have been installed as retrofits and more than 1
million DPF-equipped cars have been sold in Europe
. DPFs have also been used successfully on a variety of off-road engines since the mid-1980s. (MECA) MECA
Diesel Technology, ctd.
Other Diesel Technology...
•
Flow-Through Filters:
relatively new, PM reduction 30-70% •
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR):
Can reduce NOx emissions by 75 to 90 percent, HC emissions by up to 80 percent, and PM emissions by 20 to 30 percent.
•
NOx Adsorbers:
catalyst technology; Nox reductions up to 90%
Cleaner fuels also enable...
•
State of the art vehicles
with low emissions: hybrids, modern diesels (Euro 5) •
Retrofit options
for existing heavy duty diesels with DOC’s, DPF’s or a combination (London, NYC, Mexico City, Beijing, Santiago) - significant decrease in PM emissions
Cost/Benefit
•
Cost-benefit analyses
of fuel sulphur reductions performed in US, Canada, Europe, Mexico, China, Brazil (included incremental costs of fuels and vehicles). All concluded that benefits of reducing sulphur from fuels far outweigh the costs.
•
Mexico
cleaner vehicle plan incorporating ultra-low (15 ppm) sulphur diesel, emissions standards comparable to the US standards, and urban retrofit programmes estimated benefits at 10-20 times greater than implementation costs, by 2030, US $4 billion in annual benefits (reduced health costs), including close to 30% reduction in average particulate levels and 4,000 less premature deaths annually.
• In
China
requiring Euro-3 fuel and vehicle emission standards in 2007 and Euro-4 levels in 2010 estimated to yield net benefits of approximately US$30 billion in 2020 and US$60 billion in 2030. •
US Tier II standards
to reduce PM emissions by more than 90% over current levels; EPA estimates that full implementation of new standards for vehicles with yield almost US$5 in benefits for every dollar spent by industry to implement — and eliminate as many as 4,300 premature deaths every year.
PCFV Role In Turkey
Turkey well on its way to cleaner fuels and vehicles
... Lead phased out, high market share of low sulphur diesel, Euro IV requirements as of 2007, support for alternative fuels (bioethanol and biodiesel).
Potential Areas of Action Identified in Budapest:
Promotion of cleaner fuels, strategies for existing vehicle fleet, emissions from existing heavy-duty diesel vehicles, fuel adulteration, capacity building on cleaner fuel and vehicle issues in civil society and at municipal level, improved dialogue between government, industry and NGOs….
PCFV Support Includes:
•Access to
Tools, Research, Awareness
Information • Support for activities -
training, working groups, cross-sectoral dialogue and partnerships
•
Join the PCFV
- greater access to the PCFV network of experts
Thank you!
PCFV Clearing-House Urban Environment Unit Division of Policy Development and Law (DPDL) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) P.O Box 30552 Nairobi, KENYA Tel: (+254 20) 7624735
www.unep.org/pcfv