Transcript No Slide Title

Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles
Global Phaseout of Leaded
Petrol
Ruslan Zhechkov
Regional Environmental Center
on behalf of the Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles
Urban Air Quality Worldwide
Nairobi CBD, 2005
Thomas Harrison-Prentice
° WHO:
– Every year 1.5 billion urbanites breathe air that exceeds WHO
standards;
– Well over 800,000 deaths each year due to urban air pollution;
– More than 70% of deaths from outdoor air pollution occur in the
developing world;
°Costs:
– World health costs of urban air pollution are estimated to
approach US$1 billion per year.
– In developing countries the health effects of air pollution cost
between 5% - 20% of GDP.
Transport and Air Quality
• Almost half the world’s population now lives in cities;
• Urban air pollution largely attributed to transport and industrial
emissions;
• Local pollution often severe;
• Transboundary movement of pollutants such as PM, nitrogen,
heavy metals, organic pollutants;
• Leaded petrol responsible for up to 90% of urban Pb air
emissions;
• Key to climate change: Road transport is responsible for 1/5 1/4 of all CO2 emissions globally...
Health Effects
Premature Deaths
Cancer
Developmental Effects
Hospitalization
Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis
WHO: reducing levels of fine particles (PM10) can reduce air pollution
deaths in cities by as much as 15% every year.
Transport & Air Quality:
European Example
Transport emissions of air pollutants
• Air pollutant emissions in European countries decreased by 1/3 in the
past decade (PM and ozone precursors down by 30-40% from 1990-2003);
• Technical improvements/tighter standards for transport;
• Cleaner fuels mainly impacted emissions from road transport - form of
transport closest to people, therefore more exposure;
• But overall growth in volume of concern...
Loss in average statistical life
expectancy (months) due to identified
anthropogenic PM 2.5
Particulate Matter
° Avg. 9 months of life
expectancy lost
° 4 million life years
lost annually
° 386,000 premature
deaths annually
° 110,000 serious
hospital admissions
annually
Ground-Level Ozone
° 21,400 premature
deaths annually
The Partnership:
Background & Mission
September 2002: Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles launched
at World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) to: “Help
developing countries to develop action plans to complete the global
elimination of leaded gasoline and start to phase down sulphur in
diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with adopting cleaner vehicle
requirements.”
1. Launch of Global Lead
Campaign: Phase out
Worldwide by end 2008
2. Promotion of sulphur reduction
in fuels (support for region and
country goals with ultimate goal
of 50 ppm or below)
3. Cleaner vehicle technologies:
Catalytic converters, etc.
Partners
Industry
Governments
NGOs
Int. Organisations
Support
• Global technical expert working
groups
• Public awareness campaigns and
environmental training events
•Santiago, Chile Diesel Bus & Truck
Retrofit Project (USEPA)
• Support to Bulgaria, Serbia, Turkey,
Albania
Vehicular Pollution Control
Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles: A System for Better Air Quality
• Cleaner fuels and vehicles most
viable method of reducing vehicle
emissions, air pollution today;
• Lead-free and low-sulphur fuels
affect emissions directly;
• And enable the use of cleaner vehicle technology such as catalytic
converters, which can further reduce pollutants by around 90%;
• Cleaner fuels (ultra-low sulphur petrol and diesel) allow for the use of latest
high-fuel efficiency technology in vehicles. Advanced engines make 20-45%
reduction in CO2 possible.
Cleaner Fuels - Unleaded Petrol
• Complete elimination of lead additive from petrol is step 1 toward lower
vehicle emissions;
•TEL used to increase octane rating of petrol since 1920’s;
• Phaseout began in the US in 1969 as health effects became known;
• Catalytic converter technology introduced in US vehicles in1974, total
US ban on leaded petrol in 1986;
• Rio Earth summit of 1992 called for worldwide ban of leaded;
• EU total ban on leaded petrol in 2000, WHO called for total ban in
2001;
• But lead remains to be completely eliminated from petrol worldwide; in
Europe: BiH, Serbia, and FYR Macedonia remaining.
Why Ban Leaded Petrol?
1. Health Effects
• One of the primary anthropogenic sources of airborne lead emissions is
leaded fuel (up to 90% in urban areas);
• Affects mental health development, IQ and behavior of children (especially
below 6 years old): toxicity even at low levels - even blood lead levels as low
as 5 ug/dl can irreversibly impair brain development;
• For each increase of 1ug/dl – loss of 0.25-0.5 IQ point, for each 10ug/dl –
height decrease by 1 cm;
• Adults: lead exposure - high blood pressure, increases in heart disease
and damage to organs.
EGYPT: Estimated Annual Health Effects:
•Heart Attacks - 6,500 to 11,600
•Strokes - 800 to 1,400
•Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6,300 to 11,100
•Infant Deaths - ~820
•Average IQ Loss in Children - 4.25 Points
Hungary: declining blood lead levels after
decrease of lead in petrol
Lead levels in petrol in Hungary:
1985: 0.7 grams/ liter
1995: 0.15 grams per liter
current EU level: .005 g/l
Lead content in petrol (g/l)
0.8
0.7
Blood Lead Level (µg/dl)
25
1985
1985
20
0.6
0.5
15
0.4
10
0.3
0.2
1995
1995
5
0.1
0
0
Status of Lead in CEE
Leaded Petrol Worldwide
International Experience
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gradual Phaseout: US, Canada, Japan, Brazil, France;
Immediate: Central America, parts of Africa, Thailand, China, India,
Egypt (most cost-effective approach to decreasing airborne lead
to near zero – avoids huge costs of parallel distribution
systems);
China began the switch in cities to 100 % unleaded in 1997, then
provinces and is now lead free nationally;
India began in Delhi in 1998 and is now unleaded nationally;
Thailand began incremental reductions in lead in fuel in 1991 and
1993 and banned in 1996;
Sweden reduced lead from .4.g’l to .15 g/l in 1970s along with tax
differentiation (unleaded had lower pump price) – total switch in 1992
using lubricity additives for older cars;
Slovak Republic study revealed neurological development effects of
leaded petrol – public education campaign and Slovnaft refinery
adjustments led to complete ban in 1995.
Why Ban Leaded Petrol?
2. Cleaner Fuels Enable Cleaner Vehicle Technology
• Cleaner fuels allow for more advanced vehicle emission standards and
improved technology:
• For petrol vehicles, 3-way catalysts used with the closed-loop air/fuel
control systems. Standard technology on all new petrol cars. Lead
poisons catalyst (even trace amounts) , maximum efficiency at ultra-low
(50 ppm or less) sulphur.
MECA
Answers to Valve Seat Recession Concerns
Concerns over possible Valve Seat Recession (VSR)
in older vehicles:
• Modern engines now have re-designed, wearresistant valve seat systems;
• All but a small percentage of cars are now resistant
to excessive valve seat wear (obsolete valve seats
predicted to be 7.2% of total world vehicle population
in 2006 - European manufacturers switched in mid1980’s);
• Studies have found that valve seat recession virtually
absent in actual vehicle operation in normal everyday
use (only present in laboratory extreme driving
conditions);
• No country has reported excessive valve seat
wear or engine problems after eliminating lead in
petrol.
See the PCFV report of the Valve Seat Recession Working Group for more info www.unep.org/pcfv
Maintenance, Octane, and Benzene Emissions
Lower Maintenance Costs:
• Unleaded petrol reduces the vehicle maintenance costs - less corrosive
combustion products;
• Leaded petrol causes corrosion to engine parts, more frequent oil changes,
and the replacement of spark plugs, mufflers and exhaust;
• Unleaded extends spark plug life from 6,000 miles to over 50,000 miles, and
extends oil change intervals by a factor of 2 to 4. Reduced engine corrosion was
predicted to improve engine life by an additional 50%. (MECA)
Octane: Options available depend on current and planned technology, include
refinery operating changes, new refinery equipment, addition of additives – how
much octane is needed? Kenya and the US lowered octane levels.
Additives (ethanol, oxygenates, and metals) must be compared for
emissions and vehicle effects;
Benzene: Cost-effective refinery solutions that increase octane without
increasing benzene emissions exist – catalytic converters further decrease 9095% of benzene and other aromatic emissions in exhaust;
Cost-Benefit of Going Unleaded
• US: 1989 estimates Health benefits of reducing US population
BLL by 1 µg/dl amounted to $172 billion annually - estimates by
EPA that benefits of phaseout exceeded costs more than ten
times (avoided health costs and wage loss);
• Mexico: reduction of airborne lead levels and improvement in
health in Mexico City 1993 - net benefits in health and vehicle
maintenance reduction $1.022 million;
• Most significant costs of lead phaseout are the costs of alternate
octane values and modification of refinery production facilities
(range from USD $0.01 - $0.02 per liter of petrol including costs
of refinery upgrade, unleaded fuel production and octane
additives) BUT refinery upgrade pays for itself in a short period
through increased productivity and efficiency.
Lower Sulphur
° Diesel sulphur levels in Europe can be as low as 10 ppm while in
developing countries levels reach 10,000 ppm...
Lowering sulphur
1. Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles:
SO2 From All Vehicles
PM From Diesel Vehicles
CO, HC, NOx From All Catalyst Vehicles
2. Enables Advanced Vehicle After-treatment technologies below 500 ppm &
Tighter Standards For New Vehicles;
3. Enables Retrofit of Existing Heavy-Duty Vehicles;
4. Low sulphur petrol enhances functioning of three-way catalysts
(maximum efficiency at near-zero sulphur levels);
5. Extends life of the engine.
Sulphur Reduction Engine Benefits
Going from 10,000 to 5,000 ppm
sulphur diesel, engine life is
expected to increase by over 40%
Engine life increase (%)
100
high
80
average
60
low
40
20
0
1.000
3.000
5.000
Engine life and sulfur levels. Source: Detroit Diesel
7.000
9.000
PPM sulphur
11.000
13.000
The Future of Cleaner Fuels and
Vehicles in BiH
Possible Actions Towards Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles: Ban on lead in
petrol, cleaner fuel incentives, plan for sulphur reduction, fuel adulteration,
renewal of the vehicle fleet (incentives for cleaner vehicles), improved
systems for inspection and maintenance of vehicles, capacity building on
cleaner fuel and vehicle issues in civil society and at municipal level,
awareness on lead health effects and need for phaseout
PCFV Support Includes:
•Access to Tools, Research, Awareness Information
• Support for activities - training, working groups, cross-sectoral
dialogue and partnerships
• Join the PCFV for greater access to the PCFV network of experts
Why Join?
•
Public/Private Global Initiative cooperating to successfully address
cleaner fuel and vehicle issue for better air quality;
•
Network with government, industry, international organizations and
civil society on these issues;
•
Notification of PCFV and related events and activities, including
Global Partnership Meetings;
•
Access to technical Working Groups.
Information: www.unep.org/pcfv
Thank you!
PCFV Clearing-House
Urban Environment Unit
Division of Policy Development and Law (DPDL)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
P.O Box 30552 Nairobi, KENYA
Tel: (+254 20) 7624735
[email protected]
www.unep.org/pcfv