The same old questions

• • •

Role of government?

Structure of government?

Who gets to decide?

–

The richest?

– –

The best educated?

A few?

– –

Many?

Most?

–

Everyone?

Remember the POPULISTS?????

Chapter 9 Sec. 1

The Progressive Era

THEME : Class Conflict BIG QUESTION : “Why did reform succeed to a much greater degree during the Progressive Era?”

Foward to 1:16 1. Protect Social Welfare 2. Promoting Moral Improvement 3. Creating Economic “fairness” 4. More Democracy 5. Reducing the chaotic inefficiency @ the LOCAL Level 6. Reducing the chaotic inefficiency @ the STATE Level

1. Streams of Reform: SOCIAL

• The “Social Gospel” movement used Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount as a model of a Christian nation.

• Settlement House Workers --Jane Addams, Hull House in Chicago (1889) • Americans of “Old Wealth” • YMCA: A place of refuge for young men • Florence Kelley: Child Labor

1.SOCIAL (cont.)

• Investigative Journalists aka “Muckrakers” – Lincoln Steffens: ____________________ – Ida Tarbell: ____________________ – Upton Sinclair: _______________________

* Linotype machine made magazines incredibly inexpensive.

*

Middle Class fear of growing violence inherent in growing gap of poor and super-rich

2. Streams of Reform ( MORAL )

• CHILDREN: – National Child Labor Committee 1904 – Keating-Owen Act 1917 prohibits transporting goods across state lions if made by children – More free public education • Prohibition – WCTU (Francis Willard) – Carry A. Nation – by 1914 over ½ the states are dry – Anti-Immigrant????????

• Women (protection of): – Prostitution: By 1917 49 states have outlawed prostitution – Mann Act: immoral porpoises

The disturbing photos were all taken by • Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (1890) • Industrial workers hideously poor, living in squalor and working in dangerous conditions • Little concern for Black America

P.E.T.A

Today’s moral reformers??

3. Streams of Reform ( ECONOMIC )

• SOCIALISM: – Eugene V. Debs: President of the American Railway Union and a Socialist – Helen Keller – Big Business is just getting TOO much help from the governments • Work Conditions – Workers compensation if owner is at fault • The Supreme Court – Louis Brandeis:

Muller v. Oregon

(protection for female workers) – 10 hour day movement: they win with

Bunting v. Oregon

1917

Eugene Debs American Railway Union

4. Streams of Reform (LESS CHAOS)

• GROWING gap between rich and poor might lead to VIOLENCE • • • STRIKES are wasteful in the long run • Owners turned factories over to managers who want order, not constant worker problems Sanitary/Food problems • • Pure food and Drug Act Truth in labeling laws • • Federal Meat Inspection Act FDA TAYLORISM: science applied to the FACTORY

• • • • • •

5. Streams of Reform ( LOCAL )

Galveston creates City Commission system of 5 TRAINED experts.

Dayton Ohio creates a PROFESSIONAL mayor (college ed.) Mayors set GRADUATED income tax.

City planning with Parks, and greenbelts Extension of Pendleton to LOCAL politics Decreases the power of THE BOSSES.

1. find 3 symbols from this political cartoon 2. Explain Mr. Nast’s caption?

6. Streams of Reform ( STATE )

• Wisconsin governor: Follette set up the Wisconsin system. College professors to head up commissions. Especially went after RR’s • Initiative, Referendum and Recall • The Secret Ballot happens @ state level 1st • Labor laws happen at state level 1 st .

• Direct Election of Senators (17 th Amendment 1913) • Extension of Pendleton to state level jobs • Direct Primaries @ state level first • Universal Suffrage at state level 1st

The Failures

• Women’s suffrage not till 1920 • Civil rights for Blacks – Understanding tests – Poll Taxes – Grandfather Laws –

Plessey V. Ferguson

`

Chp 9 section 2. Women • Immigrant women did factory work • 70% that worked, worked in domestic jobs • A FEW with middle and upper class leisure time wanted the thrill of RE-FORMING society.

• NAWSA: know the leaders!!!!!

• NACW: since nice white women didn’t let in colored women… • Educational opportunities changed: • Suffrage, a 3-part plan: – State enfranchisement first – The courts – An amendment to the Constitution (1920 – 19 th amendment)

I have argued “He who has the gold makes the rules”. So why did Progressivism succeed? Why did the rich let all these reform laws get passed? 1.

2.

3.

4.

As managers began to run the big businesses they realized that SOME labor reform would reduce wasteful strikes and discord.

Some “cleanliness” laws destroyed the smaller competitors who were reducing profits for everyone.

– – Muckrakers exposed the depth of the unsafe conditions in a way that could not be ignored.

Ida tarbell and Standard Oil The Jungle by Sinclair Lewis TEDDY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Progressivism: Theodore Roosevelt Chapter 9 sections 3

A Square Deal

• Great drive, energy and exciting personality • Born Wealthy, but sickly • NYC police commissioner • Spanish-American War experience -- “Rough Riders” • Governor of NY • Picked as Vice-President only b/c he was from NY!

QUESTION!

IF, as we have repeatedly said, Big bidness controlled government then why did they allow such a progressive reformer to BECOME President??????

First Term as President (1901-1904)

•

McKinley’s assassination

• Offered energetic national leadership • Cast every issue in moral and patriotic terms --The “Bully Pulpit” • Master Politician • Modest goals for his “accidental” first term.

Teddy’s First Term

• 1 st President to use Sherman Anti-Trust correctly.

– 1902 broke up Morgans Northern Securities Co. (Railroads) – But then helped Morgan create the GIANT U.S. Steel worth $1 Billion Dollars – Broke up 44 other trusts that did not understand it was OK to be big, as long as you listened to Teddy.

What makes the “Good Trust” Good?

What’s with this dude?

1902 Coal Strike.

Labor wanted

• 20% pay increase • 8 hour workday • The right to strike • A “Closed Shop”

Owners wanted

• No Pay increase • 10 hour workday • No right to strike • Open Shop Laws • Threatened to shut down all coal mines for a year during a bitter winter.

Control the Railroads

• 1903 Elkins Act: no kickbacks, rebates, and must publish all rates and stick to them.

• Hepburn Act: No free passes to the press or government officials.

• I.C.C. staffed with trained officials set MAXIMUM rates for everyone.

Second Term as President (1905-1909) • More vigorous progressivism • Hepburn Act: No free passes to the press or government officials.

• I.C.C. staffed with trained officials set MAXIMUM rates for everyone.

• Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

( Conservation )

• Yosemite National Park 1903 • Increased Federal Reserve Act lands from 45 million acres to 200 million.

• Los Angeles Aqueduct Act: • New Lands Reclamation Act actually wound up hurting the environment by diverting rivers for irrigation and recreation

The Minor successes/failures

• More states encouraged to allow women’s suffrage, but no federal law untill 1920 • Civil rights for Blacks – Desegregated Federal jobs under his control – Invited Booker T Washington to the WHITE house for dinner.

– NAACP goals were ignored.

Panic of 1907

• Over-speculation • Inelastic $ supply • Blamed on Teddy and his: – Reforms – Trust busting – Conservation – Etc.

• Teddy pushes Aldrich-Vreeland Act: authorizes national gov’t to print extra money in times of emergency.

Chapter 9 Sec. 3 A “ T ough A ct T o F ollow” Or “ T akes A dvice F rom T eddy” The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1909-1913) • Taft’s political experience • Taft’s weight • Not a dynamic politician • Never completely comfortable as President • Poor speaker • Poor Politician • Had to lead after TEDDY The Taft bath, to replace the One he got stuck in

Presidency of Taft (cont.)

• • Controversy over the

Payne-AldrichTariff LOWER

(GASP!!!) the tariff. to

Pinchot

(Teddy’s Conservation guy) is fired by Taft over the

Ballinger

Affair (Pro-Bidness guy) • More conservative than Teddy by – Supporting the

“Old Guard” Uncle Joe Cannon

– Dismissing the growing new Progressive Republicans (Fighting Bob) • 1910: Republicans lose the House • Socialist

Berger

wins a House seat • Growing tension with Teddy Roosevelt who returns and unites unhappy Progressive Republican and the unhappy Northern Democrats into the …

The Election of 1912

• Teddy returns from Africa • Growing split within the Republican Party – BULL MOOSE PARTY

When Teddy and Taft Knock Each other Out, It opens the Whitehouse door to the Democrats

The Republican Party & President William H. Taft

Theodore Roosevelt Wants to run as a republican

The Anti Third-Term Principle

The “Bull Moose” Party (aka the Progressives):

The Latest Arrival at the Political Zoo

?

An Actual 1912 Ballot

CHAPTER 9 Section 5 WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

is a reaction to Teddy’s New Nationalism

Teddy’s New Nationalism platform in the 1912 presidential election advocated ALL of the following EXCEPT A. an active role for government in economic and social affairs.

B. federal regulatory agencies to control the trusts.

C. woman suffrage.

D. social-welfare programs like minimum-wage laws and social insurance.

E. the break up of most large trusts and labor unions.

Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom A. supported minimum-wage laws.

B. favored small enterprise and entrepreneurship.

C. advocated social-welfare programs.

D. opposed banking and tariff reform.

E. opposed fragmentation of big industrial combines.

Key Terms

• New Freedom • 16 th Amendment • Underwood Tariff • Fed Reserve Act • Fed Trade Commission Act • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • NAWSA • ALICE PAUL!!!

• Warehouse Act • 19 th amendment 1920 • Back to segregation in the Executive Branch

• Teddy’s New Nationalism platform of 1912 to get re-elected—pushed to the left by Deb’s inroads on Progressivism: – Active gov’t role in economics and social issues – Federal regulation of businesses – Woman’s suffrage – Minimum wage laws – Social insurance for the needy – Reform the banking industry – Consolidation of large trusts and labor unions. They were inevitable and necessary—if regulated • Woody’s New Freedom (New Order): – Active gov’t role in economics and social issues – Help small businesses – Reform the banking industry – Dissolve large trusts and other monopolies

Woodrow Wilson’s attitude toward the masses can best be described as A. public support but private dislike.

B. faith in them if they were properly educated.

C. indifference.

D. open contempt.

E. trust in their natural common sense.

Wilson—The Man

• Son of Southern Presbyterian minister • Born in Georgia (with its CSA baggage) • Princeton: Phd., professor, and president • Entrepreneurship • Self-righteous, Self-assured and Stubborn • N.J. Governor: passionate reformer • Presidential beliefs: – President as Prime Minister – Segregation – State’s rights – End imperialism (self-determination, though his belief in White Supremacy often undermined this ideal)

What Wilson Wanted What Wilson GOT

Wilson’s First Term 1912

• Against the “Triple Wall of Privilege:

Go To 1:40

– Banking – Trusts (monopolies) – Tariffs • Underwood Simmons Tariff actually • lowers it by 15%. Went direct to the • people like Teddy.

• 16 th Amendment – $4,000 – 20,000= 2% income tax – Above $500,000 = 7% “ “

Congress passed the Underwood Tariff because A. Wilson gained Western support for tariff reduction.

B. big business favored its passage.

C. the tariff kept the graduated income tax from being enacted.

D. the general public had been demanding a higher tariff.

E. President Wilson aroused public opinion to support its passage.

After Wilson's and Roosevelt's tenures in office, which of the following statements could

not

be said to be true?

A. The federal government gained more power.

B. The tariff was eliminated.

C. A federal banking system was established.

D. The role of the president was redefined and strengthened.

The twelve regional banks created by the Federal Reserve Act were A. unable to meet the monetary demands of business expansion B. owned by private banks C. subject to state banking regulations D. authorized to issue US currency: paper money E. the cause of the upcoming Great Depression.

Sports 1914

Woodrow Wilson's stand on minority civil rights was demonstrated by his A. opposition to the appointment of a Jew to the Supreme Court.

B. support for a federal anti-lynching law.

C. acceptance of segregation in the executive branch of the federal government.

D. all of the above.

Wilson the Moralist (which is often synonymous with Racist) • Segregated all Federal jobs • Fought Ida Well’s Anti-Lynching Laws • Called D.W. Griffin’s blockbuster film

Birth of A Nation

“History written in Lightening”

The Progressives were A. all members of the Republican party.

B. isolationists in foreign policy.

C. mostly Protestant middle-class idealists and reformers.

D. mostly laissez-faire politicians and conservative businessmen.