CHAPTER 8 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890-1920

SECTION 1: THE DRIVE FOR REFORM

TERMS AND PEOPLE

Progressivism – movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms Muckraker – writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business Lincoln Steffens – editor of McClure’s magazine known for uncovering social problems Jacob Riis – photographer for the New York Evening Sun, expose on “How the other Half Lives”

TERMS AND PEOPLE

Social Gospel – Walter Rauschenbusch taught Christianity should be the basis of social reform Settlement house – a community center that provided social services to the urban poor Jane Addams – leading figure in the settlement house movement Direct primary – election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections

TERMS AND PEOPLE

Initiative – gave people the power to put a proposed new law on the ballot Referendum – allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature Recall – gave voters the power to remove public servants from office

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM

Who? All classes and walks of life that wanted to act for the good of society Common Beliefs: industrialization and urbanization created troubling social and political problems. What is the difference between the Progressives and the Populists?

Target Problems: political reform (corrupt and ineffective), big business, reduce economic gap

MUCKRAKERS REVEAL THE NEED FOR REFORM (a tool to clean manure and hay out of animals’ stables) coined by Theodore Roosevelt Muckrakers using their journalistic skills exposed many of the social evils in late 19 th century early 20 th century society

MUCKRAKERS CONT.

Novelists Defend the Downtrodden and put a face on social problems.

PROGRESSIVES REFORM SOCIETY

The Social Gospel Guides reform efforts urged the end of child labor, shorter work week, and limit the power of corporations and trusts Improve the lives of the urban poor Protecting Children and Improving Education Improve industrial working Conditions (Triangle Shirtwaist Factory)

REFORMING GOVERNMENT

Reformers Improve City Government, however only after tragedies such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, and Galveston Texas hurricane Progressives Reform Election Rules, to give the power back to the people, not corrupt politicians, and business leaders Progressive Governors Take Charge, and begin to reform their own states. Limit Railroads, use of natural resources, and hiring state workers

SECTION 2: WOMEN MAKE PROGRESS

TERMS AND PEOPLE

Florence Kelly – believed women were hurt by unfair prices they paid for goods to run their home National Consumers League (NCL) Today’s Fair Trade?

– gave labels to “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions” Temperance Movement – the practice of never drinking alcohol

TERMS AND PEOPLE

Margaret Sanger – thought family life and women’s health would improve if mothers had fewer children Ida B. Wells – formed the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) helped families strive for success and help less fortunate Carrie Chapman Catt – reenergized the national suffrage movement and first female school superintendent

TERMS AND PEOPLE

National American Woman Suffrage Association – fought for women's right to vote Alice Paul – social activists raised in a Quaker home earned a PH.D and formed the first group of women to march with Picket signs Nineteenth Amendment – the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex Make a Suffrage Poster!!!

PROGRESSIVE WOMEN EXPAND REFORMS Working Women Face Hardships; difficult jobs, long hours, and dangerous conditions. Expected to give wages to husbands, fathers or brothers.

Reformers Champion Working Women's Rights laws were passed and upheld to limit the number of hours women could work which later backfired to wages Women Work for Changes in Family Life; alcohol was a main focus (men drinking liquor neglect their families, spent their earnings, and abuse their wives)

WOMEN FIGHT FOR THE RIGHT TO VOTE

Suffrage – the right to vote Women's suffrage started state by state and led to many leading women in history (Catt, Paul, Kelley)

SECTION 3: THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION

TERMS AND PEOPLE

Americanization – belief that assimilating immigrants into American society will make them more loyal citizens Niagara Movement – denounced the idea of gradual progress for black Americans NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People / free blacks from low-pay, free of ignorance, politically free, socially free (pg. 231)

TERMS AND PEOPLE

Anti-Defamation League – to defend Jews and others against physical and verbal attacks, false statements Mutualistas – groups that made loans and provided legal assistance to Mexican-Americans

OPENING WORK !!!

EXAMINE THE CHART ON PAGE 242, PROGRESSIVE ERA LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS SEE?

. WHAT SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES DO YOU

SECTION 5: WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

WILSON AND THE DEMOCRATS PREVAIL

Woodrow Wilson

– Democrat candidate launched a program called New Freedom, first southern born president in more than 60 years

New Freedom

– placed strict government controls on corporations

WILSON REGULATES THE ECONOMY

Wilson attacked the “triple wall of privilege,” tariffs, banks, and trusts

Sixteenth Amendment

– gave congress the power to levy an income tax

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

– placed national banks under the control of the Federal Reserve Board, ensured no person, bank, or region from having to much money (interest rates)

WILSON STRENGTHENS ANTITRUST REGULATION

Federal Trade Commission

– monitor business practices that might lead to monopolies

Clayton Antitrust Act

– strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out activities businesses could not engage Today the FTC looks at stock trades, examines published ads, and regulates buying on the Internet

WORKERS’ RIGHTS PROTECTED

Labor unions could not be acted as trusts under the Clayton

Antitrust Act

Adamson Act prevented nationwide railroad strike and limited railroad employees’ work to eight hour day Why?

Ludlow Massacre:

PROGRESSIVISM LEAVES A LASTING LEGACY Voters have a greater influence; initiative, referendum, recall, and the Nineteenth Amendment Federal government grew to offer more protection to Americans’ and gained more control over peoples’ lives Antitrust laws and Federal Reserve Board watch over the economy Federal government also had greater control over natural resources, i.e. dams, National Parks, resources