Transcript Slide 1

Continuous Forest Inventory
for the Northwest Region
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Arnie Browning, Forester
NWRO BIA Portland, OR.
(503) 231-6205
National Overview
• 565 Federally Recognized Tribes
• Recognized Tribes are in all but 17
states
• 20 percent of American Indians reside
on 314 reservations
• 18 million acres of forest land on 317
reservations (8 MM acres timberland,
10 MM acres woodland)
• 732 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut
Historical Overview
• 1776-1871 The Formative Years
– 1830 Indian Removal Act
– 1832 Chief Justice John Marshall’s Cases
• 1871-1928 Allotment & Assimilation
– 1887 General Allotment Act (Dawes Act)
– 1909 PL 35 Stat. 781 creates Forestry Division
within Office of Indian Affairs
– 1910 PL 33 Stat. 855 established timber sales on Indian
land
• 1828-1953 Indian Reorganization
– 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act)
prohibited future allotment of land
• 1953-1968 Termination Era
• 1968-1982 Indian Self-Determination
• 1982- present Self-Governance
- 1990 National Indian Forest Resources Management Act
Tribal Forestry Programs, Independent Assessment (IFMAT)
Indian Forestry
Program
• Currently
– 43 billion bd. Ft. of standing forest
inventory on commercial forests
– ~1.5% sustainable annual harvest
Nationwide
Facts and Figures
– ~18 million acres of Trust forest
– ~ 6 million acres of commercial
timberland
• FY 2003
– 634 million board feet harvested
– $62 million to the Tribal owners
– 42 thousand acres thinned (PCT)
– 14 thousand acres reforested
– 157 thousand acres of fuels treated
– >100 thousand acres of forest treated
silviculturally in the commercial harvest
• 5-Year Annual Average (19992003)
– 622 million board feet harvested
– $93 million to the Tribal owners
INDIAN FOREST LANDS NATIONAL SUMMARY
TIMBER AVAILABILITY & HARVEST (1993-2003)
(Millions of Board Feet)
900
800
700
600
500
Available
Harvested
400
300
200
100
0
'93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03
Indian Self-Determination
Tribal Participation in Forest Management
(91 Tribes Performing all or some of the Program)
Portions of forestry program
• 6 Self-Governance Compacts
• 28 Self-Determination Contracts
Entire forestry program
• 31 Self-Governance
•
Compacts
26 Self-Determination
Contracts
ACRES
(thousands)
4,450
1,323
Self-Governance
173
2,415
Combined Self-Governance/BIA
638 Contract
Combined 638 Contract/BIA
9,349
BIA Managed
Forest Management Inventories
18
Forest Acres w/ Current Inventory
(total needed = 18.3 million acres))
Million Acres
15
12
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.5
8.3
8.4
8.2
9
6
3
0
1995
1999 2000 2001 2002
Woodland Timber
2003
FIVE-YEAR INDIAN HARVEST SUMMARY
REVENUE (% $) BY BIA REGION
($519 million to Tribal owners)
(1998 – 2002)
9%
5%
6%
77%
Northwest
Midwest
West
Southwest
Pacifc
Eastern
Rocky Mtn.
Other
BIA Northwest Region
BIA Northwest Region
• 2,664,000 acres timberland mostly
on Category 1 reservations
(Category 1 defined as over 1MMBF AAC)
• 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut
• All Category 1 reservations have
Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI)
plots except Grand Ronde. Many
have Stand Inventory also.
History of CFI
• Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS
introduced CFI to Lake States
• The original purpose of the CFI was to
collect stocking, growth, removal, and
mortality information indispensable to
the establishment of broad
management policies on large forest
areas. (Stott, 1960)
Steps in the CFI Process
• Pre-Inventory
•
•
•
•
•
– Review previous CFI Field Manual
– Revise Manual for the re-measurement
– Write data entry and edit program
Data collection and error checking
Regression analysis, more data cleaning
Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90)
Write User Manual and assist with program
installation and operation
Assist with inventory analysis, growth and
yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC.
Changes in Sample Design
• 1950 -1980
– Cluster of 2 or 3 one-fifth or one-quarter acre subplots,
usually on one-mile grid
– 1/20th acre minor plot for height and form class
– 1/100th acre minor plot for seedlings/saplings
– Plot data: timber type, habitat type, slope, aspect, etc
– Tree data: spc, dbh, crown ratio, height, tree history,
problem/severity, age or age class, etc
– Re-measure every 10 years
• 1980 – present
– re-measure only one plot per cluster (each subplot was
always treated as an independent sample point)
– Double the grid, usually ½ mile grid (more even-aged
treatments, more stratification of the data)
– Add snag data, fuel transect data, 3 tree problem/severity
codes per tree (usually FVS codes), new height sample
Changes in Height Sample
• Before 1990
– Measure total height on all trees 5
inches dbh and larger on 1/20th or
1/16th acre minor plot
• After 1990
– On 1/5 acre plot, measure total height
on the first tree of each species in each
5 inch dbh class, and all trees 20 in. dbh
and larger.
Changes in Height Model
• 1950 – 1987
– Ht = b0 + b1 DBH + b2 (DBH)2
–
(2nd or 3rd degree polynomial)
– risky outside range of data, must “cap”
• 1988 – 2002
– Ht = 4.5 + exp (b0 + b1 / (DBH+1))
– FVS (Wycoff et.al,1982)
– Usually stratify height sample by productivity
class
• 2002 – present
– Ht = 4.5 + b0 (exp (-b1 (DBH)b2 ))
– FPS (Arney, 1985)
Comparison of Ht Models – FVS
DOUGLAS-FIR (202) - HABITAT TYPE GROUP C
FLATHEAD 1999 CFI
150
• Slightly over estimates
•
130
120
110
100
TOTAL HEIGHT (feet)
•
at 5 – 10 inches dbh
Slight under estimates
at large diameters
Almost always a
reasonable model
140
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DBH (inches)
35
40
45
50
FVS Height Model - continued
WHITEBARK PINE (101) - ALL HABITAT TYPE GROUPS
FLATHEAD 1999 CFI
150
140
130
120
110
Diameter
correlation is
reasonable even
for small samples
TOTAL HEIGHT (feet)
• Height to
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DBH (inches)
35
40
45
50
FPS Height Model
Western Hemlock Height To Diameter - Quinault 2002 CFI
• Usually slightly
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
TOTAL HEIGHT (feet)
•
improved fit through
the entire range of
DBH (when
compared with FVS
height model)
Still getting
experience with this
model (only Warm
Springs and
Quinault)
240
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
DBH (inches)
50
60
70
Plot the data and the model
• Our experience
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
TOTAL HEIGHT (feet)
•
with FPS height
model is limited;
one unreasonable
model so far.
Thanks to errortrapping in
Flewelling taper
code, we
discovered this
problem
White Pine Height To Diameter, FPS - Quinault 2002 CFI
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
DBH (inches)
50
60
70
Western white pine on Quinault
• When the cruisers
showed us how
Western white pine
grows on the
reservation, we
reluctantly agreed to
a small sample
• “DBH” is at 34 feet
above ground level of
this pine growing out
of an old cedar snag
CFI Program Options for Volume
and Taper
• Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983
Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1D
• Form Class = DIB17/DBH
• Used in CFIs from 1950s to present
• Most DIB at 17 feet measured in
1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots
Form Class
• “The theory of form class volume
tables is that for a given height, trees
vary in taper in the first log, but
above the first log, taper is quite
similar for trees of the same size and
merchantable height, regardless of
species.” (Bell, 1989).
• Most of the taper is in the first log.
Behre’s Hyperbola
• BHT = THT - 17.3
• RHT = THT - upper stem
•
•
•
ht
L = RHT / BHT
D = L / (0.49 * L + 0.51)
DIB = DIB17 * D
BIA Volume Method
• Use Behre’s Hyperbola to calculate DIB
at top of each log
• If dib >= 8.0 then
bd=(-.26875-.12375*dib
+.049375*dib**2)* log length
• If dib < 8.0 then
bd=(-083714 +.018569*dib
+.059009*dib**2-.003894*dib**3)* log
length
BIA Volume (continued)
• These regression formulas were
developed by regressing the
Factors published on page 38 of
the Official Rules for the Log
Scaling and Grading Bureaus,
January 1, 1982
West-side Taper Coop
• Completed May 2, 1994
• For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and
Western Redcedar
• Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR,
Industrial Forest Owners, contributed
felled tree data
• Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD.
INGY Taper Coop
• Distributed to INGY Members Sep. 1996
• Sectioned tree data collected for
AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH,
WL,WP
• INGY participants included Flathead,
Nez Perce, Spokane, and WS Tribes,
Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch,
DNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests
• Modeled by James Flewelling, PhD.
boardfeet
Ponderosa Pine fc 77 - 20, 30, 40 in dbh
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2 point
3 point
bia table
bia regr
Douglas-fir fc 77 - 20, 30, 40 in dbh
3500
3000
boardfeet
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2 point
3 point
bia table
bia regr
Uses of CFI data and programs
• Document changes and trends in the
forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality
• Data used to calibrate growth and yield
models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI
data from reservation forests)
• Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut
• Assess Forest Management Plans
achievement of goals
East-side CFI Statistics
RES.
NAME
Coeur D'Alene
Colville
Flathead
Nez Perce
Spokane
Umatilla
Warm Springs
Yakama
COMM.
FOREST
ACRES
23,774
603,415
296,425
25,226
93,554
16,886
285,529
446,075
1985
AAC
7
120
56
8
12
4
102
186
2001
AAC
7
77
38
5
14
3
40
143
INVENTORY
YEAR
63,79,87,97
58,65,72,79,85,95
65,72,80,89,99
75,85,94
57,63,69,75,85,98
90
58,65,72,79,88,97
58,64,70,76,87,95
NUM.
OF
PLOTS
499
1110
755
395
1200
306
1533
1286
NUM.
OF
TREES
15,846
28,752
31,231
10,459
20,595
7,036
74,289
52,490
Boardfoot Stocking Trends
Colville, Spokane, Warm Springs, and Yakama
BOARDFOOT STOCKING TRENDS
25000
BF/Acre
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2
5
97 198
1
L. OL.
O
C
C
4
8
97 199
1
O. PO.
P
S
S
9
7
97 199
1
S.
S.
W
W
75 995
9
. 1 K. 1
K
YA
YA
RESERVATION AND MEASUREMENT YEAR
Harvest vs. Net Growth
Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
CO
L.
CO 72
L. -78
CO 79
L. -85
86
-9
4
W
S.
W 72S. 79
W 80S. 88
89
-9
7
Y
A
K
Y . 70
A
K. -75
Y 76
A
K. -86
87
-9
5
BF/AC/YEAR
HARVEST VS. NET GROWTH - FROM CFI DATA
Harvest
Net Grow th
Mortality
Coeur d’Alene, Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
CO
L.
CO 72
L. -78
CO 79
L. -85
86
-9
4
W
S.
W 72S. 79
W 80S. 88
89
-9
7
Y
A
K
Y . 70
A
K. -75
Y 76
A
K. -86
87
-9
5
BF/AC/YEAR
HARVEST VS. NET GROWTH - FROM CFI DATA
Harvest
Net Grow th
Warm Springs Ponderosa Pine
Stocking Trend 1972-1997
Ponderosa Pine Stocking by Size Class
4500
4000
3500
Bd Ft/AC
3000
1972
2500
1979
1988
2000
1997
1500
1000
500
0
10-20"
22"+
DBH class (inches)
TOTAL
Warm Springs stocking trend, all
species combined, 1972 – 1997
Stocking
All Species Combined
18000
16000
14000
Bd Ft/Ac
12000
1972
10000
1979
1988
8000
1997
6000
4000
2000
0
10-20"
22"+
DBH class (inches)
TOTAL
Warm Springs Harvest and Net
Growth Trends 1972 - 1997
Comparison of Growth VS Harvest
400
350
300
BDFT/AC/YR
250
BDFT Harvest
200
BDFT Growth
150
100
50
0
1972 - 1978
1979 - 1987
1987 - 1997
Changes in Annual Allowable Cut
ANNUAL ALLOWABLE HARVEST LEVEL
EAST SIDE RESERVATIONS
150
100
50
0
Co
eu
rD
'A
len
e
Co
lv i
lle
Fla
th
ea
d
Ne
z
Pe
rc
e
Sp
ok
an
e
Um
W
at
illa
ar
m
Sp
rin
gs
Ya
ka
ma
MMBF/Year
200
1985 AAC
2001 AAC