Transcript James Monroe “The Era of Good Feelings”

James Madison
The War of 1812
Prelude to War
The Non-Intercourse Act was
expiring.
Congress passes Macon’s Bill #2
 If either France or England would
rescind their orders, we would impose
non-importation against the other.
 Napoleon agrees and Madison believes
him.
War Hawk Congress
The 12th Congress adjourns
with young, new members from
the south and west.
“Harry of the West”
Henry Clay of
Kentucky is
elected
Speaker of the
House.
Debate over war with Britain
begins.
Reasons for War
War Hawks wanted a war of
their own.
Wanted protection from the
Indians.
Wanted to remove the British from
western forts.
Wanted to take Canada and Florida.
Wanted “Free Trade and Sailor’s
Rights.”
Battle of Tippecanoe
 Shawnee war chief
Tecumseh was
trying to create an
Indian Confederacy
to resist white
settlement.
 William Henry Harrison,
governor of the Indiana
Territory, had negotiated a
series of treaties by force.
Harrison’s forces are ambushed near
Tippecanoe Creek and are able to
fight off the Indians led by
Tecumseh’s brother The Prophet.
The Prophet
Westerner’s call the battle a
major victory - Harrison is a
hero.
Vote for War
Word reaches Congress of
victory in the west - Indians are
being aided by the British.
Madison sends a war message to
Congress - citing impressment
and trade restrictions.
Vote is not overwhelming -- 79
for and 49 against.
Shows lack of unity.
Federalist Reaction
Federalists opposed the war.
Profits were being made from
British trade.
They feared Napoleon and
republicanism.
They feared the acquisition of
Canada
 New England bankers would continue
to lend money to Canadians and British
during the war.
 New England governors refused to
allow their militias to fight outside
their states
Problems with the War
Nation was not united
No burning national anger.
Non-Intercourse had weakened the
economy.
Bank of the United States had
expired - currency was scarce.
Army was ill-trained and poorly
equipped.
Navy was small.
Disasters and Victories.
 1812 -- Canadian Campaign - 3 offenses
left from Detroit, Niagara and Lake
Champlain -- all were repulsed by
British and Indians.
 British captured Ft. Michilimackinac
USS Constitution vs. HMS Guerriere
"WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY
AND THEY ARE OURS.“
 1813 -- Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British fleet
on Lake Erie
Oliver Hazard Perry
 William Henry Harrison defeats a British
and Indian force at the Battle of the
Thames - Tecumseh is killed.
1814 -- Napoleon is defeated and
exiled to the island of Elba.
This ended the British diversions in
Europe - freeing troops for US.
 10,000 British troops begin invasion of
New York by way of Lake Champlain.
 US. Commander Thomas MacDonough
defeats the British at the Battle of
Plattsburg - Sept. 11, 1814.
Plattsburg is a major turning
point in the war - possibly kept
New England from seceding.
 August 1814 - British forces land on
Chesapeake Bay to attack Washington,
D.C.
 British defeat U.S. militia at
Bladensburg.
Washington, D.C. is burned.
Dolly Madison
 The First Lady saved a
number of priceless
artifacts from the fire
including a portrait of
George Washington
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
March 27, 1814
Battle for Baltimore
British fleet bombards Ft. McHenry
near Baltimore.
Baltimore survives - Francis Scott
Key writes the Star Spangled
Banner.
Star
Spangled
Banner
Oh, say can you see by the dawn's
early light What so proudly we hailed at
the twilight's last gleaming? Whose
broad stripes and bright stars thru the
perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we
watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs
bursting in air, Gave proof through the
night that our flag was still there. Oh,
say does that star-spangled banner yet
wave O'er the land of the free and the
home of the brave?
Battle of New Orleans - Andrew
Jackson (hero of the Battle of
Horseshoe Bend) is sent to defend
the city of New Orleans.
 January 8, 1815 - a veteran British army
attacks Jackson’s defenses and is repulsed 2000 British dead = worse defeat of the
war.
The Battle of New Orleans
Naval War
US had no major ships of the
line.
US super frigates were superior
to British of the same class.
 All major engagements were between
smaller craft.
 American privateers carrying letters of
marque captured hundreds of British
ships.
Attacks on British trade put
pressure on British manufacturing they put pressure on Parliament to
end the war.
British blockade was very
successful in hurting the
American economy.
Treaty of Ghent
 Tsar Alexander of Russia sought to
mediate in the war.
 US ambassadors (John Quincy Adams
and Henry Clay) met with British in
Ghent, Belgium.
 British wanted to create an Indian buffer
state, control of the Great Lakes and to
keep part of conquered Maine.
 British military reverses in NY and MD
cause them to back down.
Treaty of Ghent is signed on Dec..
24, 1814 creating an armistice.
The treaty returned conditions to the
ante-bellum status quo.
War was basically a draw but
was seen as a victory at home.
“Not one inch of territory ceded
or lost.”
Hartford Convention
New England Federalists call for a
convention at Hartford, Conn.
Met from Dec.. 15, 1814 - Jan. 5,
1815.
Some extremists called for
secession and nullification.
 Actual resolutions that passed called for
Amending the constitution to weaken
congressional powers involving
embargoes, admission of new states and
the power to declare war.
Republican propaganda called the
convention treasonous.
The Hartford convention was the
final blow for the Federalist Party.
Outcomes of the War
American navy earns world’s
respect.
Nationalism increased and
sectionalism is weakened.
Indians in the Ohio Valley and
Alabama are forced to cede large
tracts of lands.
Increased feelings of hatred and
bitterness towards Britain.
Rise of Canadian nationalism
Eventual passage of the Rush Bagot agreement limiting naval
armaments on the Great Lakes.
James Monroe
“The Era of Good Feelings”
James Monroe
"He is tall and well formed. His
dress plain and in the old
style.... His manner was quiet
and dignified. From the frank,
honest expression of his eye ...
I think he well deserves the
encomium passed upon him by
the great Jefferson, who said,
'Monroe was so honest that if
you turned his soul inside out
there would not be a spot on it.'
James Monroe Dobbs, Sr.
•He was consul-general
during the second Cleveland
administration from 1893 to
1898 in Valparaiso, Chile.
• He was in the U.S.
consular service from 1898
to 1900 in Brazil.
•He worked on the Panama
Canal about 1900.
Monroe Elected - 1816
 Continues the Virginia Dynasty
 Last Federalist candidate gets 34 electoral
votes.
Year
Electoral
Votes
1816 James Monroe
Rufus King
(Votes Not Cast)
183
34
4
 Monroe goes on a
goodwill tour of
the states.
 Period called
“The Era of Good
Feelings”
Was this an era of good will?

Sectional differences developed over:
Tariffs
 Bank of the United States
 Internal Improvements
 Public lands
 Slavery

Tariff of 1816.
 First truly protective tariff.
 20 - 25% duty on imports.
Calhoun
Webster
 Supported by the south - John C. Calhoun.
 Opposed by the north - Daniel Webster.
Clay’s American System
 Tariffs would protect growing
industries.
 Revenue would be used to
build internal improvements.
 Roads and canals would
connect the Ohio Valley and
Mississippi to the East.
 Food and raw materials from the
South and West would be
exchanged for finished goods from
North and East.
 West heavily supported Clay.
 Clay’s Bonus Bill fails in 1817 leaving improvements to states.
Panic of 1819
 Causes
Overspeculation in land
 Curtailment of credit
 Congress ordered banks to make
payment in hard currency instead of
paper.
 Investors became overextended.

Effects
1. Collapse of many state banks
2. Banks foreclosed on farm
mortgages
3. Rise of sectionalism - west and
south vs. Northeast
4. Deflation, bankruptcy, debtors
imprisoned, unemployment.
First of many panics
on an approximate 20
year cycle.
Long term fallout
1. Led to the Land Act of 1820 smaller and cheaper land parcels
made available.
2. Small farmers and poorer
classes support “Jacksonian
Democracy”
3. Legislation passed ending
debtor prisons.
4. Farmer’s mistrust of eastern
banking establishment.
Growth of the West
Nine frontier states added
by 1819
Alternating free and slave
(11 free and 11 slave)

Westward expansion

Accelerated by:
Ohio fever
 Soil exhaustion
 Land speculation
 The Embargo

Indian
removal
Immigration
Cumberland and Natchez roads
Erie Canal - 1825
Steamboat - 1807

Westerners called for - cheap
land, cheap transportation,
and cheap money.
New States in the Union
Order of Admission
 1791 -- Vermont - 14th (Free)
 1792 -- Kentucky - 15th (Slave)
 1796 -- Tennessee - 16th (Slave)
 1803 -- Ohio - 17th (Free)
 1812 -- Louisiana - 18th (Slave)
 1816 -- Indiana - 19th (Free)
 1817 -- Mississippi - 20th (Slave)
 1818 -- Illinois - 21st (Free)
 1819 -- Alabama - 22nd (Slave)
SECTIONAL BALANCE

Free States = New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New
York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Rhode Island, Vermont, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois = 11 States.

Slave States = Virginia,
Maryland, Delaware, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama = 11 States.
The Missouri Compromise
 1819 - Missouri seeks statehood as 23rd
state.
 Would have entered the union as a slave
state.
Tallmadge Amendments
 House passes a series of
amendments to statehood bill.
 Banned further introduction of
slaves into Missouri
 Declared children of slaves born
after statehood to be freed at age 25.
Bill defeated in Senate
Opposed by the south and west
North is more populous - controls
the House.
South is still even in senate - states
still half slave.
The South feared any attempts to
control the expansion of slavery.
South wanted to protect its
“peculiar institution” and
economic balance.
The Missouri Compromise
Drafted by Henry Clay - 1820.
1. Missouri admitted as a slave
state.
2. Maine is admitted as a free
state.
3. Slavery is prohibited in future
states carved from Missouri
Territory north of the 36º 30’
line.
 Dirty Bargain or Savior of the
Union?
Election of 1820
James Monroe is reelected by
nearly unanimous electoral
count in 1820 - one elector
votes against him to maintain
Washington’s uniqueness.
The Marshall Court
McCulloch v. Maryland
Cohens v. Virginia
Gibbons v. Ogden
Fletcher v. Peck
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
John Quincy Adams
and
American
Continentalism
John Quincy Adams
 As James
Monroe’s
Secretary of State
- Adams
deliberately sought
to create an
American
Continental
Empire.
The Rush-Bagot Agreement
had limited American and British
naval forces on the Great
Lakes.
The Treaty of 1818 with Great
Britain
Allowed American fishing off
New Foundland,
Set the northern boundary of the
Louisiana Territory at the 49º
line from the Lake of the Woods
to the Rockies,

Agreed to allow the 10 year
joint occupation of the
Oregon Territory.
The Florida “Purchase” Treaty of
1819 with Spain.
The seizure of
West Florida
was ratified in
1812.
Revolutions in
Latin America
forced Spain to
remove troops from
Florida leading to
lawlessness.
1818 - Andrew
Jackson pursues
Indians into
Florida - hanged
two Indian Chiefs
and executed two
British traders.
Adams informed Spain that
Jackson was reacting to Spain’s
failure to live up to the Treaty of
1795.
The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), also
known as the Transcontinental Treaty
Spain agreed to cede Florida
and give up claims to Oregon U.S. gave up all claims to
Texas.
Adam’s treaty line gave the U.S.
a border extending to the Pacific
Ocean.
The Monroe Doctrine
European monarchs were reasserting
their power after the end of the
Napoleonic Wars and in answer to
democratic and nationalistic revolts
in Europe and Latin America.
1821 - Tsar Alexander I of Russia
decreed the west coast of North
America to be off limits to foreign
ships - south to 54 º 40’ line of
latitude.
1822 - US extends formal
recognition to Latin American
republics.
British trade with Latin America led
George Canning, British Foreign
Secretary, to propose a treaty of joint
protection of the western hemisphere
with the U.S.
Adams warned against being a
“cockboat in the wake of the
British Man-of War.”
Monroe issues his Doctrine
outlining the principles of noncolonization and non-intervention.
The Monroe Doctrine
It was not a law - simply one
president’s policy statement.
 It was not enforceable, but
became a major foreign
policy tradition in the USA.