Transcript Group 4 What role can technology play in changing Co

Group 4
What role can technology play in changing cooperation?
Adhil
Bernhard
Chara
Susanne
Tycho
Agenda
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Introduction
Release phase
Revolt / Reorganisation
Exploitation
Conservation
Recap
Sticky notes assignment
Discussion
Introduction
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Groupmembers
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Introduction of subject
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Explanation of definitions
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What role can technology play in changing cooperation?
Cooperation
Technology
Adaptive Cycle
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Movement in the cycle
Definitions
Cooperation
Co-operation is the process in which people or
organizations work together to achieve a result that will
benefit all of them (collaborate).
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of
tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods
of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a
specific function.
Adaptive Cycle
• The Adaptive Cycle can be described as four phases
of change that are characteristics of many systems.
• The Adaptive Cycle can be interpreted as a
sequential process which the organization goes
through.
Movement in Cycle
• Equilibrium phase
– Goals pursuad & realized
– Customers are satisfied
– No reason for making new strategy
• Crisis phase
– Disturbance of external influences
– Uncertainty / fear
– Innovation is scary
• New combinations
– Look to the future with confidence
– Searching for new alternatives
• Entrepreneurship
– Final choice is implemented
– Innovation rocks 
2. Release phase
Equilibrium  Chaos
• Potential
– Low
• Connectedness
– High but declining
• People behavior
– Looking for alternatives and change of behavior
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Process support
– Align the enabling technology with the membership needs and supporting
processes
• Resilience
– Low but increasing
“Period of decline and destruction”
What can cause a crisis?
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Weather or natural effects
– e.g. Hurricane Katrina (Bahamas, August 23, 2005)
– Hard Rock Hotel and Casino
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Workflow
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Changes in policies / placement
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Country's Economy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7inY3k8y4d0
Types of crisis
To appreciate the depth of preparations needed,
executives should examine their crisis capabilities in:
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Technical systems
Human factor systems
Infrastructural systems
Cultural systems
Emotional / Belief systems
Phases of Crisis Management
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Signal Detection
- Internal (Information Channels)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNKmSbaTKS0
- External (InnoCentive, Web crawlers)
• Preparation / Prevention
– "If it ain't broke, don't fix it“
– creation of crisis teams as well as crisis training and simulation
exercises.
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Containment / Damage Limitation
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Evacuation plans, neutralise product spills
Recovery
– Short-term & long-term business recovery, data back-up
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Learning
Phases of Crisis Management (2)
How can this phase be facilitated?
 A crisis in the negative sense BUT also an opportunity for
innovation...
Technology:
- facilitate internal and external cooperation
1. Video conferencing
2. Social Media
3. Wiki, blogs, etc.
4. Cloud Computing
5. Software for blind people (Jaws, etc.)
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Social Network Analysis
• Organization could be seen as a network of actors
• You could analyze the current state of the network.
E.g. by inquiring who people collaborate with,
conducting personality tests like spiral dynamics
• This could be supported by electronic questionnaires
or social network analysis software. (if social network
software is used in the organization)
Social Network Analysis
• When you have a good view of the current situation of the
network then you could try to change the pattern of the network
• E.g. with the aim to improve knowledge transfer to create a
more exploration focused network and increase innovation
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3. Reorganisation
Reorganisation:
Technology that facilitates this phase
Social Network analysers
Data mining
Data warehousing
Analysis
Who are the customers?
Customer Profiling
Predictive modelling
Business Plan Analysis
DSS_decision support system
Financial viabilities
Strategy forming
3. Revolt: trigger
Fast and small
Cascading effect
Critical changes
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Institutions
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Economy
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Developing nations
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Societies
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Knowledge systems
The Arab Spring
Social Media
Revolt
Revolution
Back in time
15 years back in communication technologies
Technology Co-operation
Enabling environment
Generating acceptance & understanding
Business 2
Business
Infrastructure
Competitiveness
Germany to
South Africa:
DaimlerChrysler
Knowledge
Skills
Chapter 11
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Kodak
Bankruptcy
Crisis – technological
Reorganisation of business model
Focus on profitability
How could technology facilitate experimentation?
Link with Cynefin framework (Snowden, 2007)
Experimentation
A couple of ways in which technology could support this
experimentation process
• Virtually testing the effects of the experiment/pilots/probes
by simulation
• Testing of new products, services, systems etc. before actually
building them could be facilitated by simulation or expert
systems.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYWXZprJC-E
Experimentation
• Supporting the process of (rapidly) creating new products,
services, business processes, systems etc. (could also be
creating new technology itself) (Roberts et al, 2010; Ciborra
1996)
• Technology facilitating experimentation in building new
information systems
– In general software engineering, numerous common prototyping
tools and methodologies have been developed (Freiberg et al,
2012)
– Software toolkit to quickly construct a (part) of a system in order to
quickly discover flaws, sense the response, have something to help
with communication with different stakeholders etc.
– Emphasis on evaluation
Experimentation
• Technology facilitating experimentation/probing in building
new business processes, products, services etc
– Flexible IT environment
– Responsive IT-support is a vital component of this effort.
Assembling an IT team to work hand in hand with the managers on
the pilots etc.
• Facilitating and increasing Internal and external reflexivity
by technology. (Roberts et al, 2010)
– Focus on measuring the outcomes of the probes/pilots/experiments
and incorporate the lessons into the organization.
– This means integrating feedback from both internal and external
stakeholders ( e.g. a set of users or customers).
Experimentation
• Examples are:
• Google Online Services
• Or applied to a more traditional setting: A fast-food company
uses IT systems and analytics at test sites to gauge the impact
of new menu choices on revenue, operations, customer
experience.
• Incorporating mentioned technological support to
experimentation would require the right set of technical
capabilities and a flexible IT environment.
4. Exploitation
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From New Combinations to Entrepreneurship and
new Business establishments
Choose best option from new combinations
(prototypes)
Certain of what is wanted, uncertain if viable
Capitalism
• look for new opportunities or gaps in the market
leads to Entrepreneurship address a need, make
profit and flourish
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTgJNWs-gWA
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Exploitation
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Choice made - intuition & emotions
New combinations of workforce
(databases)
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Psychometric tests (Spiral dynamics)
New business units - business plans
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Re-deploy, new appointments, retrenchments
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Resistance vs new opportunities/growth
Exploitation
• Market penetration
• Establishing niche in market (Social
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Media)
Streamlining operation
Standardisation
Automation
Exploitation
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Marketing tools
Advertising technologies
(web, print, social media, billboards...)
Funding - Investors, Angel funding
Financial software - Banking, e-Commerce
Establishing policies
Developing company website
Define communication policies (email,
website, twitter, Google+, Telepresence, ...)
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Intranet / Internet
Convergence
Exploitation – Positive side
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Globalisation and internet connectivity
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Entrepreneurship
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6MhAwQ64c0
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UK Technology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-maNCr406U
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Cooperation between branches and countries
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Telepresence - save time, travel and accommodation
Promotes 'Green society'
Exploitation – Negative side
• Cheap labour – sweatshops
• Nike
• Walmart
 Need for automation using technology
• Viruses (attack competition - opposite of cooperation)
• Hacking
 Need for monitoring tools and security
 Cooperation between countries
Conservation
Towards a new business as ususal
• Incremental transition to a new equilibrium
• From opportunistic adaption to specialization
• Building up size, knowledge, power and capital, start
making profits, towards a new stable environment
Conservation
• What has to be changed is clear, now it has to be
implemented.
• So you need to:
– Keep employees informed and involved in order
to decrease uncertainty and resistance
• Communication should focus on:
• Decreasing uncertainty and job insecurity
• Creating commitment for change
• Decrease resistance
What about technology in this phase
• Communication should be Two-Way
Involved employees should have the feeling that information is
shared with them (not forced on them) and that they can consult
and actively participate in the communication process. (Waddel
and Sohal, 1998)
• Technology could support this communication
process
• Types of technology that would be suitable in this process:
newsletter by email, bulletinboard, dashboard, intranet, chat,
videoconferencing
Role of technology
• Some other ideas on the role of technology in this
phase
– Share and spread internal routines and basic capabilities
– Facilitating training and reflection on the standardized routines and
capabilities (e.g. TeamRoom).
– But you would also need to think about: Company confidentiality,
Protecting intellectual property
• When a new BAU has been established
technology is often focused on:
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Driving efficiency
Optimize delivery
Lower costs
Optimization and efficiency
Social Media & Crisis Management
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMU
PaDBXqlk
Recap
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“What role can technology play in changing
cooperation?”
Different phases of the cycle incorporate a different
way of collaboration
Different role of technology in each phase
Traditional focus of technology and information
management has been on supporting the equilibrium
Emerging technologies have shifted attention more
towards the right side of the model
Recap
Role of technology in supporting the organization in
dealing with crisis
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To incorporate/operationalize the discussed roles of technology (e.g.
supporting search process, innovation, experimentation) you would
need a different kind of approach to the use and management of
technology.
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“Character of the information provision should be more that of a toolbox
available to the business professional. According to the circumstance
he/she can choose which IT tools to use”. (Abcouwer and Parson)
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Provision of some kind of basis infrastructure that supports this more
ad hoc use of technology use
Sticky notes assignment
• Think of some sort of technology and put in on a
‘post-it’ (include your name)
• Think of why it is in this quadrant!
• 15 minutes
• Put the ‘post-it’ on the board in the correct quadrant
Coffee Break
WANT
Certain
C
A
N
Uncertain
Complicated
Entrepreneurship/Business
Chaos
Crisis
U
n
c
e
r
t
a
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n
IV
SAP/ERP
consumers, employees, etc (electronic
agreements, copyright, access,
certifications,...)
II
Wiki, blog, Google docs, Facebook
Search engines
Knowledge Management
Internet
Social Media Structures
Web crawlers, spiders
Video conferencing
C
e
r
t
a
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n
I
Internet
Email
SAP
ERP
DMS_ document
III
Social Network analysers
Data mining
Data warehousing
DSS_decision support system
Questions?
Should a company diversify operations creating a variety of smaller
business units (and cooperate), or focus solely on core
business?
Should a company expand operations by creating franchises (and
cooperate) or stay singular?
Should social media be left open or be curtailed/restrained during
the Entrepreneurship phase? (Quadrant 4)
Can you function (survive ) nowadays without any kind of
technology? (e.g. email, internet, what’s app, facebook etc…).
If so, how?
How easy is it for people to come up with ideas in order to
overcome the crisis when they are already under the shock of
a crisis?
Can a crisis be both negative and positive?
The End
A nice way of using Social Media and collaborating with
friends and colleques etc.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnv6
K5JmpTM