Transcript Diapositivo 1

Family and gender in Europe
Trends of convergence and divergence comparing
countries
Anália Torres | Rui Brites | Bernardo Coelho | Inês Cardoso | Paula Jerónimo
European trends in family and gender relations
Valuing feelings
and emotions
Secularization
Individualization
Women’s search
for autonomy and
gender equality
Diversity in Europe,
same pathways
from different
starting points and
dynamics, specific
configurations.
To understand those
differences between
countries we need to
account for:
1. Structural,
institutional,
cultural contexts;
2. Dynamics of change
in specific countries.
Valuing feelings and emotions
Extremely 10
important
9
Contradicting
stereotypes:
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Family
Politics
Voluntary organizacions
ESS (round 1) 2002
Friends
Work
Leisure time
Religion
Centre of scale
Greece
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Slovenia
Poland
Czech Rep
Hungary
Ireland
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Belgium
Netherlands
Austria
Germany
France
UK
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
0
unimportant
Norway
Extremely
1. individuals
value family and
emotional
dimensions.
2. Common values
in Europe
shared by the
majority of the
countries.
Women’s search for autonomy and gender equality
Work attachment for men and women (%)
100,0
90,0
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
Turkey
All countries
Bulgaria
Romania
Slovenia
Poland
Slovakia
Latvia
Lithuania
Estonia
Hungary
Greece
Czech Rep
Portugal
Italy
Spain
Ireland
Belgium
Austria
Netherlands
France
Germany
Great Britain
Finland
Sweden
0,0
Denmark
10,0
The work I do is an important part of my life (Men)
The work I do is an important part of my life (Women)
I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore (Men)
I would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore (Women)
EB 60.3 and CCEB 2003
How much of the time do you find your job
How much of the time spent with your
immediate family is enjoyable and stressful
interesting and stressful
stressful (men)
Enjoyable (women)
stressful (women)
ESS (round 3) 2006
Interesting(men)
Interesting(women)
ESS (round 3) 2006
Spain
Portugal
Russia
Cyprus
Ukraine
Estonia
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Poland
Stressful (men)
Stressful (women)
Slovenia
Ireland
Spain
Portugal
Russia
Cyprus
Ukraine
Bulgaria
Estonia
Slovakia
Poland
Enjoyable (men)
Slovenia
Hungary
Ireland
Switzerland
Belgium
Austria
Netherlands
France
Germany
UK
Finland
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
0,00
Hungary
0,50
Belgium
1,00
Switzerland
1,50
Netherlands
2,00
France
2,50
Austria
3,00
UK
3,50
Germany
4,00
Finland
4,50
Denmark
5,00
6,00
5,50
5,00
4,50
4,00
3,50
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
Norway
5,50
Sweden
6,00
Contradicting stereotypes, women tend to attribute the same
importance to work as men do. Work is a value in itself,
making part of a feminine social identity.
The discrepancies between the sexes are far narrower than the
differences between countries.
Equal patterns of satisfaction and stress in work between men
and women.
Both for men and women work time is always perceived as
more interesting than stressful.
and
- Work as main sphere of investment both for men
women.
Both for men and women time spent with family is more
enjoyable than stressful
New meanings of the family in Europe
c
ESS (Round 2), 2004
Great consensus in the ideological plan: Europeans tend to adopt an
equalitarian perspective and reject a traditional vision of men’s and
women’s roles in the family.
A person’s family ought to be his or her
main priority in life
agree 5,0
strongly
Men should take as much responsibility
as women for the home and children
agree 5,0
strongly
4,5
4,0
4,5
3,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
3,0
2,5
2,5
2,0
2,0
Slovenia
Slovakia
Estonia
Spain
Portugal
Greece
France
Germany
Austria
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Ireland
Hungary
Czech
Poland
1,0
men
ESS Series3
(round 2)
2004
w omen
Series3 2)
ESS (round
disagree 1,5
strongly
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Iceland
United
Slovakia
Estonia
Spain
Portugal
Greece
Hungary
Czech
Poland
Slovenia
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Ireland
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Iceland
men
United
France
Germany
Austria
1,5
disagree
strongly 1,0
w omen
2004
A woman should be prepared to cut down
on her paid work for the sake of her family
5,00
strongly
agree
4,50
agree
4,00
agree
neither agree
nor disagree
2,00
disagree
3,00
2,00
1,50
1,50
Women
Greece
Spain
Portugal
Estonia
Slovakia
Poland
Slovenia
Ireland
Hungary
Switzerland
Belgium
Luxembourg
Austria
Netherlands
Germany
UK
France
Iceland
Finland
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
1,00
Czech Republic
Men
4,00
2,50
2,50
strongly
disagree
4,50
3,50
3,50
neither agree 3,00
nor disagree
disagree
5,00
strongly
disagree
Men
1,00
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Iceland
UK
France
Germany
Austria
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Ireland
Hungary
Czech Republic
Poland
Slovenia
Slovakia
Estonia
Spain
Portugal
Greece
strongly agree
When jobs are scarce, men should have
more right to a job than women
Women
ESS (round 2)
ESS (round 2)
2004
2004
Gender Roles by Men / Fathers, and women / mothers and Country
+
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
_
men without children under 12
women without children under 12
Greece
Portugal
Spain
Estonia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Poland
Czech Republic
Hungary
Ireland
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Belgium
Netherlands
Austria
Germany
France
United Kingdom
Iceland
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Norway
1,0
fathers of children under 12
mothers of children under 12
ESS (round 2) 2004
Gender Roles Index: “A woman should be prepared to cut down on her paid work for the sake of her family”; “Men should
take as much responsibility as women for the home and children”; “When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to
a job than women”; “When there are children in the home, parents should stay together even if they don’t get along”.
*Variance explained = 44,834%; α = 0,588
Country: F(22, 41590) = 245,264, p < 0,000, ETA2=0,115
Gender: F(1, 41529) = 635,814, p < 0,000, ETA2=0,015
Gender roles in the family are perceived slightly differently by men without
children and men with children under 12.
But country differences are more important than differences between men
and fathers. The same can be said about women and mothers of children
under 12.
In a cross country
perspective women tend
to be more egalitarian
than men.
Egalitarianism tend to
decrease from Nordic
countries, to continental
Europe and to the
Southern and eastern
European countries.
Structural, cultural and
institutional constraints
can explain differences
among European
countries.
INTERMEDIARY
Gender Roles Indicators
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (Ward Method) by Gender relations in the family
Germany
8

Austria
9

Spain
22

Switzerland
13
  
Slovakia
19
 
Portugal
23


Ireland
14

 
Slovenia
18



6



EGALITARIAN
TRADICIONAL
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
12


Estonia
20

 
France
7



Czech Republic
16



Poland
17



Greece
24

 

Hungary
15


Ukraine
21


Netherlands
10


Belgium
11

Finland
3
 
Iceland
5
  
Sweden
2
 
Denmark
4

Norway
1

 
ESS (round 2) 2004
•
The transformations of the family in Europe follows the same patterns but
with calendar differences and cultural variants.
•
Each region have particular configurations and combinations between the
old and the new. It still makes sense, analytically, to differentiate between
the northern and the southern European countries (although there are also
internal differences within the groups of countries).
•
Long term structural dynamics in each country. But also conjuncture
effects, changes in politics and policies, the strength of feminist
movements…
•
•
•
•
•
Portugal. The effect of Colonial War. But also young people leaving home
soon to marry (less skilled, less educated..)
Eastern countries. (The cry of revenge... U.Beck)
Germany. Doing it all differently from the East…
U. Kingdom. Changes from 1997 on.
Spain and Finland. Both with high young people unemployment rate but
with different fertility rates and policies.
Czech Rep.
Greece
,123***
-
Portugal
,241***
.084
.208
,262***
,209***
,333***
,135***
-,103*
,197***
,101*
-
,187***
-
,284***
-,061*
-,085*
-,103*
-
-
-
-,170***
-
-
-
-
-
-,122*
-
-
-
,118***
,097*
Spain
Netherlands
,236***
.147
Austria
Chidless
Couple
Couple with
children
Lone parent
.070
France
Living alone
.094
UK
Household Typeb
Adjusted R2
Years Education
Completed
Income
Sexa
Working hours (week)
Sweden
Multiple Regression, dependent variable: Gender Roles Index
.068
.124
.103
.254
,145***
,288***
,181***
,458***
,119***
-
,119***
,074*
-
,066*
-
,193***
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,066*
-
,083*
,089**
-
* p< 0,05; **p< 0,001; *** p< 0,0001.
aldummy variable: 0=men, 1=women
b dummy variable: reference: “Other”
Education and sex are the stronger predictors:
- The higher educated are more egalitarian and being a woman also
means having more egalitarian values.
Sex
Women are more gender
equalitarian
Education
Years of completed
education have a special
impact on gender role
index
Greece
Austria
Spain
Czech
Republic
France
Sweeden
Portugal
Netherlands
UK
Higher the income more
equalitarian
Economic resources
Have a full-time job while she/he has
children aged under 3 (% approve + strongly
approve)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Clear different pattern for mothers and for
fathers.
Persistent feminization of caring
responsabilities.
For men there is no question:
Very strong approval across Europe.
about w omen
Russia
Cyprus
Portugal
Spain
Estonia
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Slovenia
Poland
Hungary
Belgium
Switzerland
UK
Germany
Denmark
Finland
Norway
Sweden
For women:
Very high approval: Nordic (except Sweden);
Moderate approval: Belgium, Poland Slovenia,
Spain, Portugal.
about men
Very low approval: UK, Germany, Switzerland,
Estonia, Russia.
Parenthood – work gender discrimination
(%)
100,00
90,00
Strong differences
among european
countries:
80,00
70,00
60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
ESS (round 3) 2006
Sweden
Portugal
Norway
Slovenia
Denmark
Finland
Cyprus
Spain
Belgium
Germany
Poland
Switzerland
Bulgaria
UK
Russia
Slovakia
Estonia
Hungary
0,00
- Nordic countries
and Portugal more
equalitarian.
Persistence of
traditional
orientations to work
and care in many
european countries:
- Feminization of
care.
Conclusions
Both men and women agree that family and paid work
are important.
Family is a sphere of personal investment both for men
and women.
What is changing is the family models, the meanings
and forms of investment in the family.
The importance of feelings and emotional life is
globally stressed - family, friends, leisure.
Across Europe women assume more modern positions
than men, especially accounting for family gender
roles.
Women want to invest in both fronts, family and work.
But in the majority of the countries they have to pay a
price for maintaining both investments.
Gender equality is continually at stake.
Persistent gender values (feminization of care):
Some european countries with high levels of gender
discrimination about the orientations between work
and care when children under 3.
Strucutrual constraints are important for the definition
of more modern and equalitarian gender roles.
Education
Sex
Economic resources
The transformations of the family in Europe follow the
same patterns but with calendar differences and
cultural variants.
It still makes sense, analytically, to differentiate
between the northern and the southern European
countries (although there are also internal differences
within the groups of countries).
Each region has particular configurations and
combinations.
Family is not more important in the southern countries
than in other countries european countries or regions.
Country cluster show nordic countries consistently
equalitarian.
extras
Have a full-time job while she/he has children aged under 3
(% approve + strongly approve)
Clear different
pattern for mothers
and for fathers.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
For women:
about w omen
about men
ESS (round 3) 2006
Country: F(18, 34291) = 178,669; p < 0,000, ETA2 = 0,086
Gender: F(1, 34285) = 2,111; p = n.s.
Russia
Cyprus
Portugal
Spain
Bulgaria
Estonia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Poland
Hungary
Switzerland
Belgium
Germany
UK
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Very high
approval: Nordic
(except Sweden);
Moderate
approval: Belgium,
Poland Slovenia,
Spain, Portugal;
Very low approval:
UK, Germany,
Switzerland,
Estonia, Russia
Parenthood – work gender discrimination index *
(%)
100,00
Strong differences
among european
countries:
90,00
80,00
70,00
- Nordic countries and
Portugal more
equalitarian.
60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
Sweden
Portugal
Norway
Slovenia
Denmark
Finland
Cyprus
Spain
Belgium
Germany
Poland
Switzerland
Bulgaria
UK
Slovakia
Russia
Hungary
Estonia
0,00
ESS (round 3) 2006
* “Have a full-time job while she/he has children aged under 3” (% approve + strongly
approve)
About men – About women
Persistence of
traditional orientations
to work and care in
many european
countries:
- Feminization of care.
W
Hungary
60
W
W
Low level of gender
discrimination in relation to
parenthood and work,
higher is the level of
satisfaction with time spent
with family.
Estonia
Ukraine
W
Russia
50
Netherlands WSlovakia
W
Austria
40
W
W UK
Bulgaria
W
Switzerland
W
Germany
Irleland
W Poland
W
(%)
Parenthood – work
discrimination index
W
30
Belgium
W
W France
W
Finlândi
W Cyprus
Spain
W
Denmark
Slovenia
Norway
W
Portugal
W Sweden
W
W
20
W
10
4,8
5,0
5,2
Time spent with family is enjoyable
5,4
Choose never to have children (women about women)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
ESS (round 3) 2006
20%
strongly disapprove + disapprove
neither approve nor disapprove
approve + strongly approve
ESS (round 3) 2006
Neither approve nor disapprove with very high values in:
UK, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal
Russia
Cyprus
Portugal
Spain
Bulgaria
Estonia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Poland
Hungary
Switzerland
Belgium
Germany
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Norway
0%
UK
10%