Transcript Document

Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT)
Training and Technical Assistance
“The History and Evolution of the Therapeutic
Community”
“Team Building Skills”
William Warr, LADAC, CCCJS, CCS, BSOM, MPA
April 12-13, 2011
This project was supported by grant No. 2010-RT-BX-K001 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is
a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the SMART Office, and the Office for Victims of Crime. Point of view or opinions in
this document are those of the author and do not represent the official position or policies of the United States Department of Justice.
Evidence-Based Integrated Modified
Therapeutic Community Model
Correctional Residential
Substance Abuse Treatment
(RSAT) Programs
PURPOSE:
TO ENSURE THE MOST EFFECTIVE APPROACH IS
UTILIZED TO PROVIDE THE MOST SUCCESSFUL
OUTCOME FOR OFFENDERS BY INTEGRATING THE
HIGHLY EFFECTIVE EVIDENCED BASE TREATMENT
APPROACH WITH OTHER EVIDENCED BASED
TECHNIQUES.
The Mission of Correctional RSAT Programs
To promote public safety by reducing recidivism
through effective programming and training.
WHY RSAT IN CORRECTIONS?
• More than 80% of inmates have substance abuse problems
• Substance abuse is the largest contributing factor to
recidivism
• This directly contributes to overcrowding and increased costs
• Common Mission The Mission of Corrections and Treatment
is to correct/change criminal behavior
• Effective inmate management tool
• Enhances staff morale
WHY RSAT IN CORRECTIONS?
Overwhelming research evidence that treatment works

Reduces recidivism from 10-50%
 Reduces direct corrections operational costs
 Reduces victim related costs
 Delaware/Crest Program (1999)
Correctional RSAT Program Core Conditions
•The Program must use a consistent model of treatment
• Staff and inmates must feel ownership in the treatment program
• Treatment must be structured
• The treatment program's rules must be clearly stated. Sanctions must be
clearly defined and consistently applied
• Inmates must be held accountable for their behaviors on and off the
treatment unit
• Treatment must involve the inmate's peer group
• The treatment program must demonstrate a balance between support
and confrontation
• Staff as Role Models in RSAT
Delaware/Crest Program:
3-Year Re-Arrest & Drug Use Rates
10
What You Didn’t Know!
The History and Evolution of the
Therapeutic Community
11
Therapeutic Community Connections to History
• Some suggest that the TC prototype is ancient, present in
all forms of communal healing and support (Mowrer
1977; Slater 1984). For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls at
Qumron detail the communal practices of the Essenes,
including a section on the “Rule of the Community.”
Adherence to the rules and teachings of the community
was the process of living in harmony.
12
Therapeutic Community Connections to History
• Today the TC has strong influences from the similarities
with First Nations Culture which are evident in the
importance of family and the value of extended family. We
heal in community by practicing traditional values,
ceremonies and rituals.
• At the core of the change process in the TC is the
relationship between the individual and the community.
• The change occurs when the individual fully immerses
themselves in the community and internalizes its
teachings creating a coming of age process.
13
Therapeutic Community Connections to History
• When we return to our roots we develop a healthy
identity, learning self-care, self-control, self management,
and self-understanding.
• The concepts of mutual and self respect within the
hierarchical structure of the TC mirrors the traditional
practices of the North American First Nations ways of
living.
14
Therapeutic Community
Pioneered in the late 1950's, the therapeutic community
movement spread across the nation bringing a way out of
self-destructive behavior for those who were thought often
to be beyond recovery.
15
Therapeutic Community History
• 1969 - 1979: Establishing Roots
Originally known as "Challenge House," Spectrum was
responsible for establishing one of the first therapeutic
communities in the country for the treatment of substance
abusers. The program opened in Lawrence,
Massachusetts in 1969 and was renamed "Spectrum
House" before moving to Westborough in 1979.
16
What is a Therapeutic Community (TC)?
• The primary goal of a Therapeutic Community is to foster
individual change and promote positive growth. This is
accomplished by changing an individual’s lifestyle
through a community of concerned people working
together to help themselves and each other.
• Being part of something greater than oneself is an
especially important factor in facilitating positive growth.
Therapeutic Communities offer a holistic approach in
regards to treating the whole person and not just the
addiction.
17
What is a Therapeutic Community (TC)?
• Clients in a Therapeutic Community (TC) are members, as in a family
setting, they are not patients, as in an institution. These members play
a significant role in managing the TC and act as positive role models
for others to emulate.
• High expectations and a high level of commitment from both
Therapeutic Community members and staff are needed to make this
positive change a success. Insight into ones problems is gained not
only through group and individual interaction, but also by learning
through experience, failing and succeeding and understanding
accountability are considered to be the most integral influences
toward achieving a lasting change.
18
What is a Therapeutic Community (TC)?
• The goal of the TC is to help the individual gain the
ability to return to society and lead productive lives.
• Many TCA member programs now provide assessment,
detoxification, crisis intervention, ER triage, residential
and outpatient treatment, family therapy and education,
vocational training, medical and health services, aftercare,
and continuing care.
19
What is a Therapeutic Community (TC)?
• Both adults and adolescents are served in therapeutic
communities. In addition, TC's serve a broad spectrum of
special needs populations. These populations include
pregnant and post partum drug-addicted women,
individuals with HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C, mentally ill
substance abusers, criminal justice populations, the
homeless, the physically handicapped, gang involved
individuals, the elderly, veterans, and mothers with
children.
20
What is a Therapeutic Community (TC)?
• Experts across the country are actively involved in
research studies which have determined the efficacy of
their efforts. Treatment improves the relationships, career
prospects, and health of those directly impacted by
addiction, and provides an impressive return on the
dollar to society.
• Positive treatment outcomes have also been shown to
reduce health care costs as well as lessen incidents of
crime, while increasing work productivity.
21
Product of Several Lineages
• Modified Therapeutic Communities
• Begin in England during the World War II (Dr.
Maxwell Jones)
• New Concept of Mental Health Treatment
(Psychiatric self-help concept)
22
Two Types of Therapeutic Communities
• Democratic TC (DTC), linked to psychiatry,
which used almost exclusively trained
professionals from medicine, psychology, social
work, etc. (Maxwell Jones, 1976)
• Programmatic TC (PTC), designed for drug and
alcohol addiction, which employ mainly exaddicts as staff (DeLeon, 1974)
23
Two Types of Therapeutic Communities
Similarities
• Both aim to achieve an integrated “family
identity”
• Both care about clients and staff
• Awesome intensity, dedication, and militarism
throughout the system
24
Major Influences
• Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) in the U.S. the self-
help movement was given life through the
creation and development of this 12-step method
(1935)
• The Synanon Approach, the first TC devoted to
the treatment of substance abusers was founded
by Charles S. Dederich in 1958
• In 1965 Jesse Pratt founded Tuum Est (“It’s up to
you”)
25
What Is a Therapeutic Community?
A Therapeutic Community is a structured
method and environment for changing
human behavior in the context of
community life and responsibility.
26
"Unless you change how you are, you will always have
what
you've got."
---Jim Rohn
27
Indicators of the TC Model’s Evolution Into
Mainstream Human Services
• A mix of professionals
• Evaluation research
• Program and staff competence standards
• Professional associations
• Common components
• Adaptations to new settings and special
populations
28
Special Services in a TC
• Enhance the effectiveness of the TC approach rather than
modify or replace basic TC components and practices
• Are incorporated into the TC environment only if they
are consistent with the TC perspective and can be well
integrated into the daily regimen of TC activities
• Are provided only when residents are stable and have
developed a sense of belonging within the peer
community and understand the TC approach
29
Distinctive Features of TCs
•TC lingo or language
•Community-as-method
•Rational authority
•TC views of the disorder, the person,
recovery, and right living
30
TC Views
View of the Disorder
View of the Person
• Disorder of the whole
person
• TC residents are able
to change their
behavior and become
productive members
of society
• Virtually every aspect
of a person’s life is
affected
31
TC View of Recovery
• Gradual building or rebuilding of a new life
• Changes in thinking, feeling, values, behavior,
and self-identity
32
TC View of Right Living
• Honesty in word and deed
• Responsible concern for others
• Work ethic
• Active and continuous learning
33
TCA Staff Competency
Understanding the need for a belief system
within the community
34
“If you want to experience the success you’ve never
experienced, you have to begin to think and act in ways
that you’ve never thought before”
Author: Michael J. Burt
35
Concept of Community
“The social organization of the TC, its structure, and its
systems essentially constitute an environment for
engineering social learning”
Can change actually happen?
36
Concept of Community
“Where community exists, it confers upon its members
identify, a sense of belonging, and a measure of
security…A community has power to motivate its members
to exceptional performance. It can set standards of
expectation for the individual and provide the climate in
which great things happen.”
37
Concept of Community
• “Minds are like parachutes. They only
function when open.”
38
Concept of Community
• Environment – When you create an environment
for change to occur; situations, attitudes, minds and
communities do change.
39
Concept of Community
• Standard – rational authority set good examples.
40
Journal Writing and Wrap-up
• How important is it to me that I feel a part of a long
tradition of people helping others to recover through the
use of community?
• How can I, in my role, best contribute to the community
environment?
• How do I see myself as a community member?
WHAT IS A CORRECTIONAL RSAT
PROGRAM?
• Minimum of six months of program services
• Highly structured schedule of behavior change strategies
• Proven Criminal Justice / Corrections Habilitation Model
for Pro Social Change
• Based on Evidence Based Practices
42
We Are Not Alone
• “When we think we are separate, we put
ourselves in constant conflict, trying to get
ours, always in fear of losing what we
have, alienating others whom we use for
our selfish purposes. This is the essence of
the addict – self-centered, fearful, and
isolated.”
Dr. Dennis Humphrey
43
"To the world you might be one person, but to one
person you
might be the world."
-- Ebony Mikle
HOW DOES RSAT WORK?
Structure, Discipline, Consistency - Critical
for model to be successful (offender and staff)
The Therapeutic Community (TC) is the method for change, not
the treatment specialist or the individual
Training is critical and on-going.
HOW DOES RSAT WORK?
Staff as role models (examples developed by staff)
Consistency – all staff follow consistent rules and schedules every day
and every shift; orderly entrance to groups, chow, morning inspections,
etc. Guidelines should be agreed upon and followed by all staff. For
instance - How to schedule breakfast, showers, and time to prepare for
inspection.
• Staff does not talk about their own current use.
(“I got so drunk last night”)
• Staff model the behaviors that offenders are taught. They listen and
respond respectively, even when holding an inmate accountable for
unacceptable behaviors. Direct supervision training demanded this
type of behavior of all staff.
Staff as role models (examples developed by staff)
• Staff will not intentionally “set up” an offender.
• Staff will not refer to offender sarcastically. (“Are you
retarded?”)
• Staff will emphasize praise for positive efforts rather than
punishment for mistakes.
• Address bad behavior as much as possible within the Unit
as opposed to lugging / disciplining inmates out of the
Unit.
47
Staff as role models (examples developed by staff)
• Treatment staff and Correctional Officers should combine
•
•
•
•
efforts to address bad behavior.
Avoid public humiliation.
Confrontation should focus on negative behavior and
attitudes, not on the individual. Staff will establish a base
of respect.
Staff are capable and willing to run a community meeting.
Staff refrains from the use of coarse language and
outbursts of anger.
THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
Evidence-Based Integrated Modified
Therapeutic Community Programs in
Corrections
49
"Don't worry about the people in your past.
There's a reason
they didn't make it to your future."
-- Author Unknown
The Therapeutic Community Model*
•
As a Belief System - demands that practitioners/staff
believe that this model works; that the individual CAN
change and that it is the group, the community, that
facilitates this change.
•
As a Scientific System- has theories, researched methods
and measurable behaviors at work that yield
predictable outcomes regardless of where the model is
practiced.
*Taken from Therapeutic Community: History and Overview video featuring David Deitch, Ph.D., 1998.
The Therapeutic Community Model
• Community as Method of Change
 TC members interact in structured and unstructured ways to
influence attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors associated with drug
use and criminal behaviors.
• Hierarchy of Responsibility
 A hierarchy structure is utilized within the community to create
responsibility for all community members using mentors and team
leaders.
• Accountability
 TC members learn to be accountable to themselves and peers
through participation in community meetings, work details and
learning experiences.
Therapeutic Community
• The term Therapeutic Community has come to represent a distinct
approach that can be applied in almost any setting with almost
any population. Therapeutic Community model has been adapted
for use with what populations?
Almost any ethnic or special population. It is a cross-cultural
model. Includes adolescents, geriatrics, adults, head injury,
PSTD, women, PRISON, etc.
• To maintain integrity as a TC, the basic components of the generic
TC program and the eight essential concepts of using community
as method must be preserved.
Community As Method
• The essential element of the TC is COMMUNITY. What
distinguishes the TC from other treatment approaches is the
purposive use of the community.
• COMMUNITY is the primary method to bring about needed social
and psychological change in the individual.
• Every activity in a TC is designed to produce therapeutic and
educational change in the individual participants.
• It is the participants who are the mediators of these changes. The
COMMUNITY is both teacher and healer.
The Therapeutic Community Model
Community as Method
•
The Therapeutic Community Perspective
 View of the Disorder
 View of the Person
 View of Recovery
 View of Right Living
•
8 Concepts
•
14 Components
Therapeutic Community Perspective
•
•
•
•
View of the Disorder
Substance abuse is viewed as a disorder of the whole
person.
View of the Person
The person or individual is distinguished along
dimensions of psychological and social dysfunction.
View of Recovery
The goal of treatment is a global change in lifestyle and
identity.
View of Right Living
In the TC view of right living, certain beliefs and values
are essential to recovery, personal growth and healthy
living.
Eight Concepts of Therapeutic Communities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Use of Participant Roles
Use of Membership Feedback
Use of Membership as Role Models
Use of Collective Formats for Guiding
Individual Change
Use of Shared Norms and Values
Use of Structure and Systems
Use of Open Communication
Use of Relationships
Fourteen Components of Therapeutic Communities
1.
Community Separateness
8.
Work as Therapy and
Education
2.
Community Environment
9.
TC Concepts
3.
Community Activities
4.
Peers as Community
Members
11. Awareness Training
5.
Staff as Community Members
12. Emotional Growth Training
6.
A Structured Day
13. Planned Duration of
Treatment
7.
Phase Format
10. Peer Encounter Groups
14. Continuance of Recovery
58
"Life is too short. Grudges are a waste of perfect happiness.
Laugh when you can, apologize when you should and let
go of what you can't change. Love deeply and forgive
quickly. Take chances. Give everything and have no regrets.
Life is too short to be unhappy. You have to take the good
with the bad. Smile when you're sad, love what you got,
and always remember what you had. Always forgive, but
never forget. Learn from your mistakes but never regret.
People change, and things go wrong but always
remember... life goes on!"
-- Author unknown
59
Purpose of Communities
• Communities are formed when individuals as family
groups join for mutual advantage: to protect against
common enemies, and to organize to reach common
goals.
• The individuals believe that their purposes can be
achieved more effectively as a group than separately.
• In drug treatment therapeutic communities, the common
enemy is the addiction along with addictive and criminal
lifestyle. The common goal is change.
60
Purpose of Communities
• In therapeutic communities, the term “right living” is
used to identify what the TC values as positive change.
• When therapeutic communities lose their intensity and
focus, there is usually a similar loss of focus on the
common goals and common enemies that bind the
community.
61
Values
• Values form the guiding principles for the community
and, as such, could be compared to the community
conscience.
• They define what is good and what is not.
• In most communities, values are primarily unwritten and
are transmitted through the institutions of the
community, (family unit, church, workplace, school, etc.)
• In TC’s values are spoken as “concepts”
62
Rules
• In TC rules have an explicit purpose
• Ensure safety
• Ensure health of the community
• Rules also have an implicit aim
• To train members in the basic tenets of human interaction within
a community—sometimes called “right living”
• Rules or laws serve to codify community values
• They provide a behavioral control that supports and protects the
value of the community
• Rules create a structure that ensures that community
members understand the behaviors that are
approved and disapproved by the community
63
"You see, we are here, as far as I can tell, to help each
other; our brothers, our sisters, our friends, our enemies.
That is to help each other and not hurt each other."
-- Stevie Ray Vaughan
CRIMINAL THINKING
Recognizing the thinking patterns that lead to
substance use and criminal behavior
Recognizing Thinking Patterns
Thinking
Behavior
Style of
Interaction
Core
Beliefs
Attitudes
Criminal Behavior is Preceded By Criminal
Thoughts and Criminal Decisions
• Most often, individuals who become involved in criminal
conduct chose to do so. They make a conscious decision
about who to victimize and how to victimize.
• Once criminal conduct is engaged in, it sets off new
cognitive reactions that reinforce the underlying criminal
thinking. (Techniques of Neutralization) are a theoretical series
of methods by which those who commit illegitimate acts temporarily
neutralize certain values within themselves which would normally prohibit
them from carrying out such acts, such as morality, etc.
• Finally, the cognitive responses and reactions to the
criminal conduct are reinforced which strengthens the
criminal behavior itself.
The Cycle of Criminal Thinking
Core Beliefs
and Psychology
of Criminal
Conduct
Decisions to
Engage in
Criminal
Conduct
Reinforcing
Techniques of
Neutralization
Neutralization
• A technique, which allows the person to rationalize or
justify a criminal act. There are five techniques of
neutralization; denial of responsibility, denial of injury,
denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, and
the appeal to higher loyalties.
Denial of Responsibility
“It was not my faulty because_____________________”
Denial of Injury
• “It was a private argument, it was between my gang and
his”
• “It wasn’t stealing, I was gonna pay it back”
• “Nobody got hurt”
Denial of Victim
• The act doesn’t count as criminal because the person
doesn’t count as a victim
• Hate Crimes:
“Gays aren’t even human”
• Crimes Against Rivals:
“Bloods don’t count”
• Exaggerated “Robin hood” Philosophy:
“They are so rich they probably won’t even know it’s gone”
Condemnation of the Condemners
• Displacement of anger and antisocial sentiments onto
those in position of judgment/authority
• “All the Judges are hypocrites”
• “Every Cop is Corrupt”
Appeal to Higher Loyalties
• The crime against society (the large group) is warranted
out of loyalty to the family/community/gang (the small
group).
• “The law that matters most is my family’s law”
• In it’s extreme form, this type of neutralization is evident
in terrorism
Identifying Thinking Patterns
• To help clients to change these attitudes, treatment
professionals in the criminal justice fields must first help
them identify those thinking patterns that lead them into
high-risk situations and increase their chances of
engaging in illegal and self-destructive behaviors.
75
Selected Thinking Errors and Distortions
• Power Thrust: Putting someone down so you can be in
control.
• Closed Channel: Seeing your way as the only way.
• Victim Stance: Blaming others for what’s happening to
you.
• Pride and Superiority: You really feel superior to others
and know it all; you feel the world owes you a living.
• Lack of Empathy and Concern for how Others are
Affected: not thinking how your actions affect others or
the emotional / physical pain you cause others.
Selected Thinking Errors and Distortions (continued)
• Seeing trust as a one way street - can’t trust anybody:
You demand people trust you but you do not trust others.
• I can’t: You refuse to do something you don’t want to do.
• Irresponsible commitment: You want what you want
right now and will spend little time getting it; don’t
follow through with commitments or complete the task,
particularly if it doesn’t give you immediate reward.
• Take what you Want from Others: I deserve it.
• Rejection Dependency: You refuse to lean on someone,
to depend on someone, to ask others for help because this
is a sign of weakness. Yet you take from others which
makes you dependent on others.
Selected Thinking Errors and Distortions (continued)
• Put off Doing what Should be Done: You put off things; you put off
changing. You say “tomorrow I’ll quit”, or someday you will stop
taking part in actions that make other people victims.
• Rejecting obligations – I don’t have to do that: You may have
enough money to get drunk but you delay paying the rent.
• Concrete and rigid thinking: You have your ideas and will not
change.
• Either or, black or white thinking: one is either successful or not
successful, pretty or ugly. There is no in-between, no shades of gray.
• Mountains out of Molehills: This is catastrophizing. It is blowing
up something out of proportion; treating something common as a
catastrophe.
Selected Thinking Errors and Distortions (continued)
• Feeling Singled Out: Feeling that what is happening to you in unique;
feeling picked on.
• They Deserve It: If they hadn’t been so stupid and locked their doors, they
wouldn’t have been robbed.
• I Feel Screwed.
• Selected Attention: Tuning out what one should hear; focus on one
statement, one result. Hear the negative but tune out the positive.
• Antisocial Thinking: You spend a long time thinking about criminal things
and are busy planning doing unlawful things.
• Lying or Exaggerating the Truth: You may lie so often that it becomes
automatic; you exaggerated the truth to look important or big.
(Source: “Criminal Conduct and Substance Abuse Treatment” by Wanberg,
Kenneth W., and Milkman, Harvey B., Sage Publications, 1998.)
The Cycle of Criminal Thinking
Criminal
Thinking/Core
Beliefs
Techniques of
Neutralization
Thinking Errors and
Distortions
What’s Next?
• Teach the Client to Recognize these Thinking
Errors by
• Implementing Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques
that
• Illuminate the Pattern of Thinking that Leads to
Criminal Acts
Attitude + Behavior = Consequence
MOTIVATION FOR CHANGE
Assessing and Enhancing Offenders
Motivation in the Treatment Process
MOTIVATION FOR CHANGE
• Helping Offenders Change often involves increasing
motivation
• The incarcerated offender is often at a pre-pre-
contemplative stage and requires specific interventions to
shift along the change spectrum
• IMTC programs can help the individual by increasing his
awareness of the discrepancy between what he wants to
achieve and what results his behavior usually generates.
• TCs = ideal place to learn and rehearse new behavior
Readiness To Change-Motivation
• Identifying a client’s stage in the change process helps
placement into appropriate programming and services.
• Motivation is a dynamic process that can be changed by
internal and external factors.
• Individuals may be in one stage of change regarding a
particular issue in life (earning their GED) and another
stage of change regarding another issue (discontinuing
heroin use).
The Stages of Change
• Pre-contemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
Identifying what most motivates a client towards
changing behaviors helps shape treatment / placement
decisions and is the beginning of a “common goal”
between service provider and client.
Motivation
• ANY motivation towards change is as step in the right
direction.
• Entering treatment programming “just” for the “good
time” is alright.
• Our job as facilitators is to increase the offender’s
motivation to change in a variety of ways
Selected Assessment Instruments
• Prochaska and DiClemente’s Motivation for Change Scale
• University of Rhode Island’s Change Assessment
(URICA)
• Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness
Scale (SOCRATES)
• All of these instruments measure where a client is in the
stages of change and can be repeated over time.
Offender Profile
• Action Oriented
• Poor reflective skills
• Resistant to punishment
• Defensive
• Need to be right
• Self-centered
• Competitive
• Sees self as victim
•Unable to delay gratification.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL
INTERVENTIONS
Implementing Evidence-Based Treatment Services
Thinking and Behavior
How we think affects
the ways we behave in the world.
thus
If we can change the way we think,
we can change the ways we behave
The Cognitive Cycle
Situation
Automatic
Thoughts
Consequences
Beliefs
Behaviors
Feelings
Four Steps of Cognitive Self Change
1. Recognize Your Thoughts and Feelings
2. Recognize When Your Thoughts and Feelings
are destructive
3. Change the destructive thoughts
4. Practice the change
Elements of Behavior Change:
Accountability
Responsibility
RESPECT FOR
SELF & OTHERS
Pro-social Thinking & Action
Internalization
Stages of Offender Change in Accountability
® (precedes pre-contemplation stage)
Training
Stage I: DEFIANCE
Stage II: RESISTANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY
Stage IV: COOPERATION
Stage III: COMPLIANCE
Process of Offender Change
The 3 R’s of the Accountability Training® Paradigm:

Right Thinking

Right Living

Right Now
1. Right Thinking - historical origins
 “As a man think-eth, so he is” (The Holy Bible, Proverbs
23:7)
 We are shaped, created & led by our thoughts. (Teachings
of the Buddha 500 B.C.E.)
 “Men are disturbed not by the things which happen, but by
the opinions about the things.” (Epictetus - 2nd century
A.D. philosopher)
 “I think, therefore I am.” (René Descartes -16th Century
Philosopher)
1. Right Thinking -historical origins continued
Man’s Search For Meaning — a philosophical reflection on
his experience as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp
— Victor Frankl wrote:
“…everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the
last of the human freedoms — to choose one’s attitude in
any given set of circumstances, to choose one’s own way.”
1. Right Thinking -historical origins continued
 “You can if you think you can.” (Norman Vincent Peale)
 “I am convinced that a person's behavior springs from his
ideas.” (Alfred Adler, Founder of the School of Individual
Psychology)
 We are what we think; by changing the way we think, we
can change our behavior. How you think, determines how
you feel. (Modern Cognitive Behavioral Theorists &
Practitioners- Beck, Ellis, etc.)
1. Right Thinking Continued
 ”As long as we remain unaware of our thinking, then
actions will follow automatically. When we become aware
of our thoughts, then we have the freedom to choose
whether or not we want to act upon them.”
(Dr. Dennis Humphrey, summarizing the teachings from Buddhism Literature)
 “We define who we are by consciously choosing our ways
of thinking, the attitudes and beliefs that determine how
we act and who we are. Choose how you will think, and
be aware that you and you alone are doing the choosing.
You and you alone are responsible for the person you will
be.”
(Jack Bush: Cognitive Self-Change, 2002)
2. Right Living
Respect of others
Accountability
Responsibility
Pro-Social life skills & Relationships
Spirituality
Service
3. Right Now
“The past is history, tomorrow’s a mystery, TODAY is a
gift… that’s why it’s called the present!”
“It matters not what we’ve done, but who we can
become.” (Mimi Silbert, Delancey Street Foundation)
Steps for Learning Accountability
 Awareness that our behavior has an effect on others
 All behavior has Consequences for self and others
 Recognize that, with awareness, behavior is a Choice
 Acceptance – Owning one’s role in the behavior
 (Dr. Steve Valle, Essex County Sheriff’s Office TC
Training, 2008)and in
the consequences
Accountability means taking empathic Action to change
Core Standards of Care Expected of All Staff:
Always show respect, for self and others
Professionalism before personal preferences
Practice ethical behavior and integrity
Demonstrate compassion and empathy for
clients and colleagues
Be trustworthy and practice trustworthiness
Consistently model ACCOUNTABILITY to
colleagues and clients
CO-OCCURRING
DISORDERS
Recognizing and Responding to Mental
Health Issues in RSAT Programs
Co-Occurring Disorders
Taken from: http://coce.samhsa.gov/cod_resources/webinar/justice/.html
Taken from: http://coce.samhsa.gov/cod_resources/webinar/justice/.html
Taken from: http://coce.samhsa.gov/cod_resources/webinar/justice/.html
Taken from: http://coce.samhsa.gov/cod_resources/webinar/justice/.html
Taken from: http://coce.samhsa.gov/cod_resources/webinar/justice/.html
Taken from: http://coce.samhsa.gov/cod_resources/webinar/justice/.html
Taken from: http://coce.samhsa.gov/cod_resources/webinar/justice/.html
Time for a change?
• Neither threat of incarceration nor prolonged
incarceration cures criminal thinking– criminal behavior
persists.
• Failing to assess and adequately treat criminal thinking
results in a costly, wasteful revolving door for crime and
repeat offenders.
Time for a Change
What do you call a system that locks up people with
behavioral problems - at considerable tax payer expense –
fails to treat them, and releases them into the community in
the same condition they came in, over, over, and over again?
“The definition of insanity is doing the
same thing over and over again and
expecting different results.”
115
Team Building Skills
• "Now if you are going to win any battle you have to do one
thing. You have to make the mind run the body. Never let the
body tell the mind what to do. The body will always give up.
It is always tired morning, noon, and night. But the body is
never tired if the mind is not tired. When you were younger
the mind could make you dance all night, and the body was
never tired... You've always got to make the mind take over
and keep going."
-- George S. Patton
116
What is Team Building?
• Team building is pursued via a variety of practices, and
can range from simple bonding exercises to complex
simulations and multi-day team building retreats
designed to develop a team (including group assessment
and group-dynamic games), usually falling somewhere in
between. It generally sits within the theory and practice of
organizational development, but can also be applied to
sports teams, school groups, and other contexts. Team
building is an important factor in any environment, its
focus is to specialize in bringing out the best in a team to
ensure self development, positive communication,
leadership skills and the ability to work closely together
as a team to problem solve.
117
Reasons for Team Building
• Improving communication
• Helping participants to
• Making the workplace
learn more about
themselves (strengths and
weaknesses)
• Identifying and utilizing
the strengths of team
members
• Improving team
productivity
• Practicing effective
collaboration with team
members
•
•
•
•
more enjoyable
Motivating a team
Getting to know each
other
Getting everyone "onto the
same page", including goal
setting
Teaching the team selfregulation strategies
118
What are Team-Building Exercises and What is Their
Purpose?
• Team-building exercises consist of a variety of tasks
designed to develop group members and their ability to
work together effectively. There are many types of team
building activities that range from kids games to games
that involve novel complex tasks and are designed for
specific needs. There are also more complex team
building exercises that are composed of multiple exercises
such as ropes courses, corporate drumming and exercises
that last over several days. The purpose of team building
exercises is to assist teams in becoming cohesive units of
individuals that can effectively work together to complete
tasks.
119
Subgroups of Team-building Exercises
• simple social activities - to encourage team members to
•
•
•
•
spend time together
group bonding sessions - company sponsored fun
activities to get to know team members (sometimes
intending also to inspire creativity)
personal development activities - individual programs
given to groups (sometimes physically challenging)
team development activities - group-dynamic games
designed to help individuals discover how they approach
a problem, how the team works together, and discover
better methods
psychological analysis of team roles, and training in how
to work better together
120
Models of Team Behavior
• Team building generally sits within the theory and
practice of organizational development. The related field
of team management refers to techniques, processes and
tools for organizing and coordinating a team towards a
common goal - as well as the inhibitors to teamwork and
ways to remove, mitigate or overcome them.
• Several well-known approaches to team management
have come out of academic work.
121
Models of Team Behavior
• The forming-storming-norming-performing model posits
four stages of new team development to reach high
performance. Some team activities are designed to speed
up (or improve) this process in the safe team development
environment. (Bruce Tuckman, 1965)
• Belbin Team Types can be assessed to gain insight into an
individual's natural behavioral tendencies in a team
context, and can be used to create and develop better
functioning teams. (Meridith Belbin, 1970’s)
• Team Socio-mapping is an visual approach to team
process and structure modeling. This model is based on
social networks approach and improves the team
performance by improvement of specific cooperation ties
between the people.
122
Organizational Development
• In the organizational development context, a team may
embark on a process of self-assessment to gauge its
effectiveness and improve its performance. To assess
itself, a team seeks feedback from group members to find
out both its current strengths and weakness.
• To improve its current performance, feedback from the
team assessment can be used to identify gaps between the
desired state and the current state, and to design a gapclosure strategy. Team development can be the greater
term containing this assessment and improvement
actions, or as a component of organizational
development.
123
Organizational Development
• Another way is to allow for personality assessment
amongst the team members, so that they will have a better
understanding of their working style, as well as their
fellow team mates.
• A structured team-building plan is a good tool to
implement team bonding and thus, team awareness.
These may be introduced by companies that specialize in
executing team-building sessions, or done internally by
the human resource department.
124
Team Talk - Communication is another key to team unity. Part of
communicating is getting to know your teammates, their opinions, concerns and
aspirations for the team. Here is a great list of topics to use for learning about
each other. Sit in a circle and have a leader ask a question. Allow each team
member to answer the question until everyone has participated. Then continue
with the next question.
• When did you first know that you wanted to try out for this team?
• What do your parents say about you being on the team?
• Veteran members: What past team member did you most respect and why?
• New team members: What do you think your most important job is as a first
year member?
• What is one or two words that students in your school use to describe your
team? What words do you want them to use?
• What do you think you’ll remember about your team 10 years from now?
• Veteran members: What one piece of advice would you give to the new
members if they want to have the most positive team experience?
• New members: What help or encouragement do you need from the veterans
to be a successful team member?
• What one thing can you do consistently to show your dedication to the team?