Transcript The KM3NeT Project - University of Adelaide

The KM3NeT Project:
A km3 -scale Mediterranean Neutrino
Telescope
Oleg Kalekin
For the KM3NeT Consortium
Locating PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators
Adelaide, 6-8 Dec 2006
Astro- & particle physics with n-telescopes
Role of the Earth:
 Screening against all particles
except neutrinos.
 Atmosphere = target for production
of secondary neutrinos.
Cherenkov light:
 In water: θC ≈ 43°
 Spectral range used: ~ 350-500nm.
Neutrino reactions (key reaction is nmN→ mX):
 Cross sections and reaction mechanisms known from accelerator
experiments
 Extrapolation to highest energies (> 100 TeV) uncertain.
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Astro- & particle physics with n-telescopes
High-energy limit:
• neutrino flux
decreases like
E–n (n ≈ 2)
• large detection
volume needed.
Low-energy limit:
• short muon range
• small number of
photons detected
• background light
from K40 decays
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Sources of n and g
CR interactions with protons (photons):
pp(pg) g p , po , …
p gmnmgenmnmne
po ggg
hadron decays are producing fluxes of
high energy n and g
F(En )
F(Eg )
F(Ep)
Parameterization of energy spectra of secondary particles
Kelner, Aharonian, Bugayov: Phys Review D 74, 034018 (2008)
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Sources for NeT
Catalog of H.E.S.S. sources: www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/
> 30 sources of VHE g-Rays
All sources are considered as potential CR accelerators
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Sources for KM3NeT
NeT
Example: neutrino spectra for 2 sources:
RX J1713.7-3946 and Vela X
km3 detector, a few years of operation
A.Kappes et al., astro-ph/0607286
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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The Neutrino Telescope World Map
ANTARES + NEMO + NESTOR
join their efforts to prepare
a km3-scale neutrino telescope
in the Mediterranean
KM3NeT Design Study
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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The KM3NeT Design Study
• Negotiations are successfully concluded with a contract
between the EC and the KM3NeT consortium
• The EU funds the three-year KM3NeT Design Study
with 9 million €
• Total volume ~20 million €, ~370 person-years
• Start date: February 1, 2006
• Major objectives:
• Conceptual Design Report by End 2007
• Technical Design Report by February 2009
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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The KM3NeT Vision
 KM3NeT will be a multidisciplinary research infrastructure:
- Data will be publicly available
- Implementation of specific online filter algorithms will
yield particular sensitivity in predefined directions
 non-KM3NeT members can apply for observation time
- Data will be buffered to respond to GRB alerts etc
- Deep-sea access for marine sciences.
 KM3NeT is a European project
- 9 European countries involved in Design Study
- Substantial funding already now from national agencies
- Later will be open for others
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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KM3NeT Design Study: Participants
• Cyprus:
• France:
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Univ. Cyprus
CEA/Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3 (CPP Marseille, IreS Strasbourg,
APC Paris-7), Univ. Mulhouse/GRPHE, IFREMER
Germany: Univ. Erlangen, Univ. Kiel
Greece:
HCMR, Hellenic Open Univ., NCSR Demokritos,
NOA/Nestor, Univ. Athens
Italy:
CNR/ISMAR, INFN (Univs. Bari, Bologna, Catania,
Genova, Napoli, Pisa, Roma-1, LNS Catania, LNF
Frascati), INGV, Tecnomare SpA
Ireland:
DIAS (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies)
Netherlands: NIKHEF/FOM (incl. Univ. Amsterdam, Univ.
Utrecht, KVI Groningen)
Spain:
IFIC/CSIC Valencia, Univ. Valencia, UP Valencia
UK:
Univ. Aberdeen, Univ. Leeds, Univ. Liverpool, Univ. Sheffield
Particle/Astroparticle institutes (30) – Sea science/technology institutes (7) – Coordinator
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Objectives and Scope of the Design Study
Time schedule (partly speculative & optimistic):
01.02.2006
April 2006
End 2007
February 2009
2009-2010
2010-2012
2011-20xx
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
Start of Design Study
Kick-off Meeting
Conceptual Design Report
Technical Design Report
Preparation Phase (possibly in FP7)
Construction
Data taking
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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ANTARES: Detector Design
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String-based detector;
Underwater connections
by deep-sea submersible;
Downward-looking PMs,
axis at 45O to vertical;
2500 m deep.
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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NESTOR: Rigid Structures Forming Towers
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Tower based detector
(titanium structures).
Dry connections
(recover−connect−redeploy).
Up- and downward looking PMs.
3800 m deep.
First floor (reduced size)
deployed & operated in 2003.
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
13
The NEMO Project
• Extensive site exploration
(Capo Passero near Catania,
depth 3340 m);
• R&D towards km3: architecture,
mechanical structures, readout,
electronics, cables ...;
• Simulation.
Example: Flexible tower
16 arms per tower,
20 m arm length,
arms 40 m apart;
64 PMs per tower;
Underwater connections;
Up- and downward-looking PMs
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Photo detectors optimisation
Price / photocathode area
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Layout optimisation
Performance above a few TeV
can be increased by increasing
the instrumented volume,
BUT at the cost of low energy
efficiency
S.Kuch
Astro-ph/0606507
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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Conclusions and Outlook
• The Mediterranean-Sea neutrino telescope groups
NESTOR, ANTARES and NEMO comprise the
leading expertise in this field. They have united their
efforts to prepare together the future, km3-scale
deep-sea detector.
• An EU-funded Design Study (KM3NeT) provides
substantial resources for an intense 3-year R&D
phase started on February 1, 2006. Technical
Design Report by Feb. 2009.
• Target dates: to start construction 2010 and data
taking 2011
Oleg Kalekin
University Erlangen
8 Dec 2006
PeV Cosmic-Ray Accelerators, Adelaide
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