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Developing a historic database
of serious accidents for the ERA
Overview of the Project
Steven Hughes
Karen Douglas
6 November 2008
ERA Historic Accident Database
LLOYD’S REGISTER RAIL and ICON
Agenda
• Project overview
• Identifying serious accidents
• “Serious accident” – what is in and out of scope
• Approach and status
• Findings
• Quality of data
• History of accident investigation in each country
• Feasibility of extending the database
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Project Overview
ERA Historic Accident Database
LLOYD’S REGISTER RAIL and ICON
Background to Project
• Under the Safety Directive, countries in the EU are required to
• Investigate serious accidents
• Send the investigation reports to the ERA
Railway Safety Directive (EC Directive 2004/49)
• Over time, this will build up a database to support the analysis of railway
accidents
• Enable lessons to be learnt and safety to be improved
• Serious accidents are fortunately relatively rare
• Not enough data or information to analyse effectively at present
• This project is to add to the existing database by creating a historical database of
serious train accidents
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Scope
WP 1: Create database of serious accidents
• Identify accidents and supporting information
• From 1 January 1990 to July 2007
• All countries in EU, Norway and Switzerland
• Record information for future use and analysis
WP 2: Identify criteria for investigating accidents prior to the implementation of
the Safety Directive
WP 3: Review feasibility of extending database prior to 1990
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Project Team and Status
Dr Jane Rajan
Project Manager
European Rail Agency
Anthony Pickett
Project Director
LR Rail
• Project carried out by Lloyd’s Register Rail
and Imperial College Consultants (ICON)
• Started in January 2008 and is almost
complete
Steven Hughes
Project Manager
LR Rail
Professor Andrew Evans
Technical Lead
Karen Douglas
Data Analysis and
Collection (UK)
Tracey Tan
Mellisa Watson
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Lion Wildenburg
Data Analysis and
Collection (EU)
Local Lloyd’s
Register Offices
Identifying Serious Accidents
ERA Historic Accident Database
LLOYD’S REGISTER RAIL and ICON
Safety Directive defines “serious accidents”
“Serious accident means any train collision or derailment of trains
resulting in
• death of at least one person or
• serious injuries to five or more persons or
• extensive damage to rolling stock, the infrastructure or the
environment, and
• any other similar accident with obvious impact on railway safety
regulation or the management of safety”.
Source: Railway Safety Directive 2004/49/EC [3], Article 3, paragraph (l)
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Scope of study agreed with the ERA (1)
For the purpose of the project, the following scenarios are IN scope:
• Collisions and derailments on running lines resulting in at least one fatality or at least
5 serious injuries
• Collisions between trains and road vehicles resulting in any on-train (passengers or
staff) fatalities, either at level crossings or elsewhere
• Passenger fatalities due to rolling stock in motion
• Accidents involving €2 million or more of damage
• Malicious acts where valuable lessons can be learned from the incident
• Any other accidents that are identified with obvious impact on railway safety regulation
or the management of safety
Scope extended to include:
• Other railway accidents, whatever the cause, resulting in 4 or more fatalities, for
example, level crossing accidents with multiple road-user fatalities
• Train fires resulting in at least one fatality or at least 5 serious injuries
• Accidents involving dangerous goods that are either serious accidents or that lead to
a release of the dangerous goods
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Scope of study agreed with the ERA (2)
For the purpose of this project the following scenarios are OUT of scope:
• Collisions between trains and road vehicles at level crossings with no ontrain fatalities and 4 or fewer on-train serious injuries, except those with 4
or more fatalities in total
• Accidents not on the running line; e.g. depots and yards
• Fatalities or injuries to persons on the platform or the track, unless in
accidents with 4 or more fatalities
• Fatalities or injuries to unauthorised persons
• Accidents on metros, tramways, and industrial or tourist railways
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Start
Methodology
for Collecting
Accident Data
Identify
accidents by
year
• Iterative approach
Use other sources
to update and
consolidate details
Possible
Accidents
Determine if
accident is
serious?
Yes
Enter summary
accident details
into proforma
Review & update
details
Draft ERA
Accident
Database
No
Accidents
not
considered
Update
details and
status
Send details to
NIB
Update status
Verify
completeness of
accident details
Further
information
available from
NIB?
No
Yes
Finalised
ERA
Accident
Database
End
ERA Historic Accident Database
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The process to identify the accidents and record the
information in the database is almost complete
Identify accidents
• Desk-based search to identify initial list
• Nexis (UK) ® main source
• Carried out year-by-year 1990 to 2007

Confirm accidents
• Accidents reviewed and “eliminate” those that
• Fall outside scope of the study
• Are already included in the ERA database

Add more details
• Complete details for ERA database pro forma
• Identify additional information about accidents
• Ask NIBs to review some accidents
Populate database
• Enter information into ERA “sand box” database
• Review and validate all accident details
• Add supporting material such as investigation
reports to the database
ERA Historic Accident Database
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




Summary of the Findings
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Accident Breakdown (to date)
Initial search
Further review
NIB review
(to date)
Summary
Eligible
Maybe
Subtotals
Eligible
Maybe
Eligible
Maybe
Subtotals
Eligible
Maybe
Totals
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Not in ERA
Database
326
17
343
5
-6
19
6
25
350
17
367
In ERA
Database
18
1
19
1
-1
5
0
0
24
0
24
Total
344
18
362
6
-7
24
6
30
374
17
391
Breakdown of Eligible Accidents by Year and Country
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
AT
BE
BG
CH
CZ
DE
DK
EE
ES
FI
Country
FR
GR
HU
IE
IT
LT
LU
LV
NL
NO
PL
PT
RO
SE
SI
SK
UK
ERA Historic Accident Database
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1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Eligible Accidents by Type
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1. Fatal Train Collision or Derailment
2. Other train accident with on-train
fatalities
3. Fatal Train Fire
4. Other accident with four or more
fatalities
5. Fatality to a passenger due to
rolling stock in motion
6. Train collision or derailment with 5
or more serious injuries, but no
fatalities
7. Dangerous Goods
8. High cost accident with costs ≥ €2
million
ERA Historic Accident Database
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1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
“Maybes” by Accident Type
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. Fatal Train Collision or Derailment
2. Other train accident with on-train
fatalities
3. Fatal Train Fire
4. Other accident with four or more
fatalities
5. Fatality to a passenger due to rolling
stock in motion
6. Train collision or derailment with 5 or
more serious injuries, but no fatalities
7. Dangerous Goods
8. High cost accident with costs ≥ €2
million
ERA Historic Accident Database
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24 maybes, 7 resolved
17 remaining - to be
investigated further with
the help of the NIBs
7
Quality of Data
• Completeness
• Have we found all the accidents that occurred?
• Have we been able to do this for all types of accident in scope?
• Accuracy of content of press reports
• Are they a suitable source for the accident reports?
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Completeness
•
Varies with type of accident, country and date
• Better coverage and more information about the more recent accidents
•
Press are particularly interested in
• Train collisions, derailments and fires with fatalities
• Multiple fatality accidents
• Unusual or exotic accidents
•
We probably have reasonable completeness for
• Fatal train collisions, derailments and fires
• Level crossing accidents with on train fatalities
• Other accidents with ≥4 fatalities
•
Less complete for the other types of accidents
• Few cases of passengers killed by Rolling Stock in Motion reported (18)
• High cost accidents underreported where there are no fatalities (9)
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Primary Source for Identifying Accidents
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1. Fatal Train Collision or Derailment
2. Other train accident with on-train
fatalities
3. Fatal Train Fire
4. Other accident with four or more
fatalities
Nexis
NIB
5. Fatality to a passenger due to
rolling stock in motion
6. Train collision or derailment with 5
or more serious injuries, but no
fatalities
7. Dangerous Goods
8. High cost accident with costs ≥ €2
million
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Extra accidents have been
identified by NIBs
Accuracy of Content of Press Reports
• Good for details on time, date, location and nature of accidents
• Fairly good on number of casualties
• These may change as an incident develops
• Articles looking back can be inaccurate
• Less good on
• Severity of injuries
• Identity of fatalities and injuries
(passenger, staff, other etc)
• Cost of accidents
• Causes of accidents
ERA Historic Accident Database
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News reports indicate 6 people
died, but formal investigation
report states 7 people died in
fatal derailment at Villada in
Spain in 2006
Using other Sources
• Press reports have been supplemented by other sources where possible
• Official investigation reports
• Confirm if accidents are “serious” and official sources
• Internet searches
• e.g. Google, Yahoo, AltaVista
• Difficult to find information as there is too much available
• Other journals
• e.g. Today’s Railways, World Insurance Reports
• Delay in reporting accidents, but while reports are complete,
information can be inaccurate
• Railway internet sites
• e.g. Wikipedia, Danger Ahead
• Good for identifying major accidents as cross-check
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Investigating Accidents prior to
the Safety Directive
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Investigating serious accidents prior to the
implementation of the Safety Directive
• Before the implementation of the Safety Directive, each country
carried out their own investigations
• Used their own criteria
• Not necessarily carried out by a single organisation
• Level and detail of reporting varied
• Part of project was to identify the approaches to and criteria used for
investigating serious accidents to help understand
• How accident investigations were carried out
• What information might be available to support the development
of the database
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Findings from the Survey
• Questionnaires sent out to all NIBs
• What accidents were investigated - types of accidents and
consequences
• Definitions used – e.g. who did a “passenger” include
• Availability of accident reports
• Ten replies received to date
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Types of Accidents Investigated (pre-Directive)
Types of Accidents Investigated
Falls from moving trains
Illegal or unauthorised acts
Accidents involving significant damage
Yes
Sometimes
Accidents involving dangerous goods
No
No response
Train Fires
Collisions between trains and road vehicles
Derailments and
collisions are
investigated
Derailments
Collisions
0%
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20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Definition of a “Passenger” (pre-Directive)
other
Passenger means any person, excluding
members of the train crew, who makes a trip by
rail. For accident statistics, passengers trying to
embark/disembark onto/from a moving train are
included
person on track at station
person on track
person on station concourse with
ticket (not on platform)
person on station platform without
ticket
person on station platform with ticket
person boarding / alighting at station
person boarding / alighting moving
train
Directive
person on train without ticket
person on train with ticket
0
1
2
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Employee (staff of contractors and self-employed
contractors are included) means any person
whose employment is in connection with a railway
and is at work at the moment of the accident. It
includes the crew of the train and person handling
rolling stock and infrastructure installations
Definition of an “Employee”
other
depot staff
contractors
Directive
other staff on railway
(e.g. signallers)
station staff
staff working on the
track
on-board train crew
train drivers
0
1
2
ERA Historic Accident Database
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Definition of “Others”
other
person on track at station
person on running line
Others (third parties) mean all persons
not defined as “rail passengers”,
“employees including the staff of
contractors”, “level crossing users” or
“unauthorised persons on railway
premises”
person on station concourse wtih ticket
person on station platform without ticket
person on station platform with ticket
person on train without ticket
members of the public
level crossing users
contractors
track workers
station staff
0
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Extending the database further
back in time
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Nexis has proved to be an excellent source for 1990-2007
•
N. American
News
UK News
Other
German
Eng French News News
News agencies in English
•
News agency reports are the best sources in this period
• Several major news agencies joined Nexis about the early 1990s
• No single agency captures everything
Newspapers seemed to be of limited value in 1990-2007
ANSA English Media Service (Italy)
SDA (Swiss)
Baltic News Service
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (in English)
Agence France Presse (in English)
MTI Econews (Hungary)
CTK National News Wire (Czech/Slovak)
PAP News Wire (Poland)
Press Association
United Press International
Xinhua General News Service
Associated Press
Taz, die tageszeitung
Suddeutsche Zeitung
Liberation
Le Temps (French Swiss)
Le Figaro
Sud Ouest & Sud Ouest Dimanche
Les Echos (French)
Le Monde
The Prague Post (in English)
The Irish Times
The Daily and Sunday Telegraph
The Observer
The Times & Sunday Times
The Guardian
The Financial Times
The Toronto Star
The Globe and Mail (Canada)
The Washington Post
New York Times
New York times abstracts
01-1965
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01-1970
01-1975
01-1980
01-1985
01-1990
01-1995
01-2000
01-2005
Sources of information for 1980-1989
• For 1980-1989 only 3 news agencies in Nexis
• Associated Press (AP) - American but very international
• Xinhua (XNA) - Chinese
• United Press International (UPI) – American
• Associated Press is by far the most comprehensive, but does not have everything
• If we had only used the three sources AP, XNA and UPI for 1990-2007
• Would have found 246 of the 362 accidents (68%)
• Would have found 141 of 167 fatal collisions and derailments (84%)
• All of the major accidents would have been found
• Strong case for using Nexis to extend the database for the decade 1980-1989
• Possibly restrict the coverage to a narrower range of accident types
ERA Historic Accident Database
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Sources before 1980
• Before 1980, Nexis is of much more limited value
• Therefore, before 1980, we will be largely reliant on newspapers
• Coverage of train accidents in newspapers appears to be greater before 1980 than
in the period 1990-2007
• Previous study of accidents in 15 EU countries, Norway and Switzerland for the
period 1967-1979 depended largely on the Times Digital Archive (TDA) before
1980
• TDA had 9.7 relevant stories per year compared with 1.4 in 1990-2007
• Reduction in reporting is due in part to
• There being fewer accidents
• A possible change in the nature of the news coverage
• Next step
• Look more closely at digital archives (Times, Guardian, New York Times)
• If the newspapers provide acceptable coverage for 1967-1979, it is probable that
they will also do so back to 1950
ERA Historic Accident Database
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For more information, please contact:
Steven Hughes
Lloyd’s Register Rail
1 Shaftesbury Place
London EC2Y 8AA
T +44 (0)20 7776 1959
E [email protected]
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