Transcript WLI Regional Knowledge Exchange Workshop on Decision

Water Management Strategies
and Impacts on Livelihoods in
Egypt
WLI Regional Knowledge Exchange
Workshop on Decision-support Tools and
Models
23-27 September, 2013, Djerba, Tunisia
WLI Goal and Intended Outputs
Overall Goal: to improve the livelihoods of rural households and communities
in areas where water scarcity, land degradation, and associated problems are
prevalent.
Intended Outputs:
1. Integrated water and land-use strategies for policy-making, tools for sustainable
benchmark management and organizational mechanisms for community inclusion at the
benchmark site.
2. Enhanced knowledge, skills and qualifications for key stakeholders in the benchmark
sites.
3. Improved rural livelihoods of farmers in the benchmark sites through the adoption of
sustainable land and water management practices and livelihood strategies.
National Policy Objectives in (EGYPT):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increase the productivity of both land and water units.
maintain the sustainability of water and land use.
Improving the livelihood of rural inhabitants.
Reducing poverty rates in rural areas.
Benchmark sites
Agroecosystem: Irrigated agricultural
Damnhour
South ElHusiania
El
Zankalon
El-Bustan
Major questions…
 The sustainability of the irrigation system…?
 The gap between on-farm irrigation management &
general irrigation network management [knowledge,
management, & planning strategies]… ?
Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta
Sustainability of the irrigated land
A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system (Modeling )
B. On-farm soil degradation analysis
B.1 Baseline assessment
B.2 Comprehensive case studies of soil degradation [soil compaction,
salinity build-up, water table fluctuation]
B. 3 Spatial analysis and hazard map development of soil degradation
baseline in the Nile delta region
C. Water Constraints on Crop choice and farmers income in the Thiba
irrigation scheme
Old land benchmark
At Behaira Governorate and
very close to Damanhour city.
Area is 241 ha(735
Feddans).
The water source from El
Nasery Canal then Sabya and
Habib Canals.
The location has only one
main drain of Nasr Allah
drain.
Dominated soil types: Clay,
Silty-Clay
Damnhour
A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system (Modeling )
• Monitoring and Evaluation
Measure supply and demand through Water Balance
On-demand spatial assessments
• Options for improvements
Build scenarios for up-scaling model
Evaluation Indicators:
- Water productivity
- Water use index or Application adequacy [PA]
- Distribution efficiency [PF]
- Dependability [PD]
- Others…
Measure
PA
PF
PE
PD
Performance classes
Good
Fair
0.90 – 1.00
0.80 – 0.89
0.85 – 1.00
0.70 – 0.84
0.00 – 0.10
0.11 – 0.25
0.00 – 0.10
0.11 – 0.20
Poor
< 0.80
< 0.70
> 0.25
> 0.20
A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system (Modeling )
Irrigation sustainability assessment (Modeling )…linkages &
the way forward
Activity [A] is linked to
the modeling analysis of
“Irrigation Benchmark
project”
Develop an appropriate tool to help in designing possible efficient, economic and
sustainable irrigation strategies that maximize water productivity and minimize
environmental harmful impacts.
“Water productivity optimizer (WP_optimizer)”: integrated modeling framework, aiming
to analyze water productivity and environmental impacts of irrigation practices, starting
from field scale to tertiary canal irrigation zone scale.
WP-OPTIMIZER STRUCTURE AND THEORETICAL BASIS
WP_optimizer is developed and
coded by VB.Net using ArcGis 10
tools, for windows 7.
Irr.
network
“WP-optimizer” has two
connected routines:
- On-farm irrigation
management,
- Irrigation distributary
network.
Spatial
analysis
Scenarios
Selection of the most suitable on-farm model
AquaCrop
DSSAT
CropSyst
SPAW
SWAP
SALTMED
11- calibration
12- Error alerts & log files
Overall compatibility index
0= not compatible 10= highly compatible
SIMETAW
1-Objective
2- Theory
3- Crops
4- Strength
5- constrains & limitations
6- inputs
7- outputs
8- license
9- Interface
10- The availability of scientific review, case
studies and technical assistants
WAVE
Parameter
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5.0
8.6
8.3
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6.4
4.8
On-farm Model [SaltMed] ...(Ragab, 2002)
“SaltMed” is the on-farm
water management
model, it has been
developed (Ragab, 2002)
as a generic model that
can be used for a variety
of irrigation systems, soil
types, soil stratifications,
crops and trees, water
management strategies
(blending or cyclic),
leaching requirements and
water quality.
WP-OPTIMIZER STRUCTURE AND THEORETICAL BASIS
System boundaries and water inflows and outflows for the calculation of the water balance
Tail outflow
Rainfall
ET
Irrigation
Runoff
Upper soil
surface
Deep percolation
Seepage
Seepage
Groundwater
Groundwater
drainage
Drainage system
Distributary canal (mesqa)
Irrigation
system
supply
Tertiary canal
Tail outflow
Drainage
outflow
WP-OPTIMIZER STRUCTURE AND THEORETICAL BASIS
The time step of the WP-optimizer water balance simulation is 15 days, in order to match
actual national irrigation rotations system.
WP_optimizer is under evaluation now, using a case study from the Nile
Delta Region.
Activity [B]: On-farm soil degradation analysis
Sustainability of the irrigated land
A. Assessing the sustainability
of the irrigation system
(Modeling )
B. On-farm soil degradation
analysis
B.1 Baseline assessment
B.2 Comprehensive case
studies of soil degradation [soil
compaction, salinity build-up,
water table fluctuation]
B. 3 Spatial analysis and
hazard map development of
soil degradation baseline in the
Nile delta region
Soil compaction & salinity
in old land
B. Soil degradation assessment in old land
 Questionnaire form …
o the sources of soil compaction due to agriculture practice,
o the perception of the farmers the effect of soil compaction
Sample size:
 Phase I: 50 points without field measurements,
 Phase II: 50 points with field measurements for soil compaction and
soil salinity at different stages of the cultivation season, as follows:
 Before land preparation and planting
 After land preparation and planting
 Mid of summer season
 End of summer season
B. Soil degradation assessment in old land
Data collection from the 38 sampling points:
• Questionnaire form,
• Soil compaction, moisture and salinity.
Data collection from the 12 sampling points (4 selected fields on each mesqa of
the selected 3 mesqas):
• Questionnaire form,
• Soil compaction, moisture and salinity,
• Crop pattern at each mesqa
• Analysis of mechanical and chemical properties of the soil before and
after cultivation season,
• The quantity of the irrigation water at the mesqa level,
• The quantity of the irrigation water at the field level ( if possible),
• Crop yield at the field level.
Before planting
20 cm
40 cm
60 cm
After planting
Middle of the season
C. Water Constraints on Crop choice and farmers income in the
Thiba irrigation scheme (New land)
IWMI: François MOLLE & Wafaa GHAZOUANI
Objective:
how the quality of water supply to endusers in the Thiba scheme fed by
branch canal 20, in terms of adequacy
(quantity is enough to meet crop
requirements), timeliness (water is
available when needed), predictability
(crop choice and management can be
planned based on reasonable
expectations), impacts crop choice and
therefore farm income.
Activity [C]:
Research steps:
 Generate GIS layers based on Google Earth [Tiba scheme, Nubaria], through
information gathered at the village and farm levels (including the use of
groundwater).
 Use information generated from remote sensing data by IFAD’s “Smart ICT”
project, to study the spatial heterogeneity of evapotranspiration across the
command area.
 Compare with data from the survey and generate a synthesis map showing
the quality of access to water.
 Select a sample of branch canals
 Conduct farming system surveys, unpack the rationale of crop choice at the
farm level, and identify possible improvements in collective action around
water management.
 Map and assess the overall yield gap due to both reductions in yields and
constraints to crop choice.
 Synthesize results on the productivity gap, and ways to close this gap by
improving water management
Activity [C]:
Preliminary results:
- The quality of water supplies to particular farm depends heavily on its location
within the network
- factors contributed to the heterogeneity of water supply:
- power cuts which affect the main pumping station and the electricity
networks of the collective pumps
- Physical illegal intervention on the irrigation infrastructure to increase
water supply,
- Social influence of the control of infrastructure and application of the
official rotation between the sub-branches of the BC.
- Economic results showed a gap of production, which was mainly induced by
both restriction on crop choices and decrease of crop yields as one moves to
downstream the BC
The way forward…
 Irrigation system sustainability assessment in old land…to be
cont.
 Include branch canals in the modeling assessments
 Soil degradation due to agriculture practices…to be cont.
 Modeling study of the effect of applying deficit irrigation on irrigation
system performance at the old land Benchmark
• AquaCrop model
• Major field crops
• Pilot fields to collect the required data
• Include climate change impacts
Thank you