112 Chapter 14 section 2 Changes in Medieval Society
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Transcript 112 Chapter 14 section 2 Changes in Medieval Society
Chapter 14
Section 2
Three field system
Guild
Commercial Revolution
Burgher
Vernacular
Thomas Aquinas
Scholastics
800-1200 climate
warmed
Depended on oxen for
plows
Horses could do 3
times the work
900 farmers used a
harness around the
chest
800 AD three fields
instead of two
Two planted one
fallowed
Grow up to 2/3’s land
each year
Food production
increased
Children could better
resist disease
2nd change in
economy
Guild- an
organization of
individuals in the
same business or
occupation working
to improve economic
and social conditions
of its members
Merchant guilds 1st
Artisans,
wheelwrights, tailors,
winemakers began
craft guilds
Control number of
goods
Keep prices up
Husbands and wives
worked together
More women in cloth
guild
Set quality and
standard of work
Set wages and
working conditions
Bakers required to sell
loaves of certain size
and quality
Supervised training of
new workers
1000’s merchants and
artisans made goods for
local and long distance
trade
Powerful force in
medieval society
More and better
products
Wealth helped establish
influence over
government and towns
Was the expansion of
trade and business
Fairs and Trade
Needed cash and
credit to exchange
goods
Bills of exchange
established exchange
rates
Letters of credit
eliminated carrying
cash
Cloth, bacon leather,
dyes, rope commonly
traded
Not everything was
made on the manor
Good from foreign
lands
Trade routes opened
because of the Crusades
Sell at a profit
merchants reinvested
the profits
Traders needed large
amounts of cash or
credit
Bills established
exchange rates
Letters of credit made
trade easier
Trading firms and
associations offered
these services
Merchants looked for
new markets
Merchants purchased
items from distant
lands
Church not allowed to
charge interest (usury)
Banking important
business in Italy
1000-1150 population 30
to 40 million
Towns grew and
flourished
Compare to
Constantinople,
European towns were
unsophisticated
Paris 60,000 people in
1200
Towns 1200 to 2500
people
Changes had major
affect on European lives
Two important changes
Involved what people
did for a living and
where they lived
Towns attracted new
workers
Grew into cities
Life changed from the
manor
Towns sprung up all
over
Living in town had its
drawbacks
Narrow streets
Filled with animals
Household and
human waste in the
street
Little bathing
Danger of fire
Many serfs ran away
If a serf lived for a
year and a day in
town they were free
Had better lives in
town
Did not fit into social
order
Feudal lords ran early
towns
Burghers-merchant
class town dwellers
demanded privileges
Freedom from tolls
Right to govern town
Muslim connection
Christian scholars
visited Muslim
libraries
Few Scholars knew
Greek
Jewish scholars
translated Arabic and
Greek into Latin
Science, philosophy,
mathematics, law
Meant a group of
scholars meeting
People not buildings
made up the
university
Paris and Bologna
were first
Oxford and Salerno
Most students were
sons of burghers
Church or
government job
Bachelor's degree in
Theology take 5 – 7
years
Master of Theology 12
years
Vernacular- everyday
language
Most writing had
been in Latin
Some are read today
Dante’s Inferno
Canterbury Tales
Since most people
could not read Latin,
printed in the
vernacular
Christian scholars
excited about Greek
philosophy
Thomas Aquinasargued most religious
truths could be
proved my logic
Scholastics- scholars
who met at the
university called this
or schoolmen
Used knowledge of
Aristotle to debate
issues
Teachings on law and
government had an
effect on those
institutions today