Transcript World History Chapter 19

Monarchs Build Strong Nation-States
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Major questions
 How did monarchs build
strong nation-states?
 How did their efforts
contribute to disputes
and wars?
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Peter the Great,
Russia
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Monarchs tried to
 Strengthen the power of
the throne
 Build up the national
economy
 Increase military strength
 Ivan the Terrible
Ivan the Terrible
Russia
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French expansion led to
wars with
 Spain
 The Netherlands
 Austria
Phillip II
Spain
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Russian expansion led
to wars with
 Poland
 Sweden
 Ottoman Empire
Peter the Great
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Section 1
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1556, Philip II
becomes king
of Spain
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1580, Portugal
comes under
Spanish rule
1590s, Aragon
revolts against
Castilian
control
1647, Plague
kills thousands
of Spaniards
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Conflict:
 Spanish and English monarchs engage in a dynastic
struggle
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Explain why Philip II and
other Spanish
monarchs had difficulty
ruling the Spanish
Empire
Philip II
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Absolutism
Divine right
Armada
Inflation
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Philip II
The Marranos
The Moriscos
Charles II
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Madrid
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Monarchs of 1500s and 1600s sought to end
independence of cities and territories
Monarchs sought absolutism, where loyalty of
all peoples were to the monarch
 Unlimited power
 Ruled by divine right—authority comes from God and
responsibility is to God
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Under the theory of absolutism as supported by
another theory, divine right, it was believed
centralized rule would best serve affairs of state
 Better efficiency
 Better control
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Hapsburgs of Spain were leading power of
Europe
 Strength from possessions in Americas and Europe
 Tried to increase wealth and prestige, but had great
opposition
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Most powerful monarch in spanish history
Devout Catholic
Defender of the faith
Son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and
Isabella of Portugal
Led Spain to costly wars
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Highly cautious,
suspicious, and hard
working
Built granite palace
 Spent most time working
and attending to details
 Made all decisions
himself
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Ferdinand of Aragon had married Catherine of
Castile
 Philip made Castile the center of his empire
 People spoke Castilian
 Philip hired most leaders from Castile
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Leaders from Aragon and other provinces
revolted. Although put down, unrest remained
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Philip concerned about religious monorities
 The Marranos (Jews converted to Christianity)
 The Moriscos (Muslims converted to Christianity)
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Philip encourage the Inquisition and personally
attended many e, often ending in execution
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The Moriscos revolted, but were defeated
Philip sought to impose Catholicism on
Netherlands in 1567
 Long and bloody conflict
 Dutch declared their independence in 1581
 England helped the Dutch
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Philip faced problem with Elizabeth I and
Protestant England
 She helped Protestant rebels in the Netherland
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After 2 years preparation, Philip sent armada of
130 ships and 33,000 men to attack England
The English ships, more maneuverable and
possessing long range cannon, prevailed
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Forced to retreat to the
North Sea where
storms help to sink 40
ships and drown 15,000
men
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Defeat of the armada marked the decline of
Spain as European power
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Wars drained treasury
Forced to borrow money
Inflation took toll
Industry and agriculture declined
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Philip’s sons, Philip III and Philip IV, were not
equipped to handle Spain’s problems
 Delegated problems to nobles
 Built lavish homes and hid behind them
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Philip IV renewed war with the Dutch and was in
conflicts with Germany and France
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People were overburdened and many revolted
 Portugal, long an part of Spain, succeeded in getting
independence
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Philip IV’s son, Charles II, was physically and
mentally weak
 Married, but had no children
 With no heirs to the Spanish throne, European
monarchs plotted for control
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Section 2
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How did Tudor monarchs influence English and
European affairs?
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1547 Henry III
dies
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1558 Elizabeth I
becomes queen
of England
1597 Poor Law
makes local areas
responsible for
unemployed
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Change
 Tudor monarchs bring stability and prosperity to
England
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Gentry
Yeoman
Balance of power
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Henry VII
Henry VIII
Elizabeth I
William Shakespeare
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Scotland
Ireland
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England developed strong monarchy
Tudor dynasty
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Ruled 1485 to 1603
Brought unity to country
Hardworking, able, popular
Expanded authority of crown
Parliament and courts of law set bounds
English monarchs not as absolute as others
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Henry VII, first Tudor monarch
 Crowned after War of the Roses
 Shrewd at disarming rivals
 Formed gentry of aristocracy and merchant classes
 Title given them to form a new aristocracy
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Henry VII
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Encouraged trade
Promoted improved collection of taxes
Carefully watched government spending
Avoided war
 Diplomacy
 Marriages
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Most powerful of all
Tudor monarchs
Fought wars on
European continent
Made navy powerful
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Sought male heir
Married six times
Worked with
Parliament to reach
personal goals and
break with Catholic
Church
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House of Commons
increased its power by
working with Henry
Henry seized
monastery lands and
sold them to wealthy
landowners
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Edward VI, Henry’s son
Inherited the throne at age 9
Died shortly thereafter
Protestant nobles move to stop Edward’s
Catholic half-sister from succession
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Edward VI and Mary I
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English people originally supported Mary
Mary’s Catholic policies soon offended English
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Married King Philip of Spain
Many thought Spain would control England
Restored Catholicism
Had 300 Protestants burned at the stake
At Philip’s urging, Mary involved England in war with
France
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Edward VI and Mary I
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Due to war with France, England lost Calais
Mary died childless
Throne passed to Protestant half-sister,
Elizabeth
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Elizabeth I
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Became queen at age of 25 in 1558
Shrewd, educated, forceful
“Sparks flew” with Parliament
Traveled extensively throughout kingdom on
“how goes it” tours
 Entertained by nobles at their castles
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Elizabeth I
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Reigned during great cultural period
 Renaissance
 Theater flourished—William Shakespeare
 English transformed into a language of beauty, grace,
vigor, and clarity
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Marriage
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People expected Elizabeth to marry and her
husband would rule
 People thought rule was beyond capability of women
 Learned from sister Mary not to marry foreign prince
 Marrying English noble would cause jealousies among
nobles
 Refused to give up her power
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Elizabeth assisted by local council of nobles
 Drafted proclamations, handled foreign relations, etc.
 Assisted by small staff of bureaucrats
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Parliament could not initiate legislation, but
could withhold approval
Enforcing queen’s law fell to justices of the peace
 Rural landowning classes
 Collected taxes, maintained peace, volunteers
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Elizabeth believed in social rank
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Queen and her court
Landed nobility
Gentry (lesser nobles, merchants, lawyers, clergy etc.)
Yeoman (farmers, small landholdings, laborers)
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Government laws and policies regulated lives
 Statute of Apprentices of 1563 declared work to be
social and moral duty
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Must live and work where born
Controlled movement of people
Fixed wages
Regulated apprentices
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The Poor Laws of 1597
 Local areas responsible for their homeless and
unemployed
 Means to raise money for charity and provide work
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Elizabeth inherited debt
 Spent lavishly on her court
 Showed restraint in other areas
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To raise money, she sold lands, offices, licenses,
monopolcies, etc., but didn’t help much
Forced to go to Parliament for help
Reign ended in debt
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England could not compete with France for
continental lands
 Relied on the English Channel and strong navy
 One big concern—an alliance between France and
Spain which could defeat England
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England worked to balance the power of
European nations
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Balance of Power
 Nations kept (roughly) equivalent strength
 Imbalance could result in one nation helping another
 Elizabeth used England as the balancing nation
 Cooperated with Spain to keep France out of
Netherlands
 Supported rebels of Netherlands against Spain
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Scotland largely Catholic and hostile to England
1550s
 Elizabeth solidified relations with Scotland and Ireland
preventing Spanish and French attacks from the north
 In 1560s, Scotland became Protestant and ally of
England
 Mary, Queen of Scots, Catholic, forced to abdicate her
position as queen of Scotland
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Mary forced to flee to England and under the
protection of her cousin, Elizabeth
 Heir to English throne, Catholic, controversial
 Protestants feared she would try to replace Elizabeth
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Mary accused of plotting to take the throne
 Elizabeth reluctant, but finally approved Mary’s
execution
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In 1590s, England defeated Ireland and now
Ireland and Scotland were allies—brought
temporary peace
Elizabeth died 1603 at age 69
 Ended Tudor dynasty
 King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary, became king
 As James I, united England and Scotland under common
ruler
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Section 3
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Uniformity
 France’s Louis XIV strengthens absolute monarchy in
France and limits rights of religious dissenters
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Describe the kind of monarchy that developed in
France under the Bourbon monarchs
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Intendant
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Henry IV
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV
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Versailles
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After religious conflict, peace restored in France
Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV in 1589
 Establishing Bourbon dynasty until early 1800s
 Bourbons maintained absolute monarchys
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Protestant
Converted to Catholicism to quiet Catholic
opponents
Issued Edict of Nantes reassured Huguenots
(Protestants)
 Allowed Protestant sot worship in Protestant areas
 Barred worship in Paris and Catholic strongholds
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Edict of Nantes…
 Also, gave Huguenots same civil rights as Catholics
 Ended religious strife
 Allowed France to rebuild
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Henry took several actions to improve
France…all without approval of EstatesGeneral…strengthening his absolutist position
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Henry’s soon Louis XIII inherited throne in 1610
 Age 9
 Mother was regent for 7 years
 Louis banned mother from court in 1617
 Recalled his mother a few years later
 His mother recommended he accept Cardinal Richelieu
as primary adviser
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Louis gave control of government to Richelieu
Richelieu’s goal—establish absolute monarchy
 Reduce power of nobles
 Reduce power of Huguenots
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Richelieu stripped the noble of powers to collect
taxes, administer justice, etc.
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Destroyed fortified castles
Stripped noble of local administrative functions
Nobles retained social prestige
Government affairs passed to intendants
 Non-nobles
 Less likely to seek power
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Huguenots seen as threat
 In 1625, radical Huguenots revolted against Louis XIII
 Huguenots defeated
 Richelieu took away private fortified towns
 Allowed to keep religious freedom
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Strengthened military
Supported French culture
Established the French Academy
 Received charter for fixed rules of the French language
 Rendered French language elegant…capable of
treating arts and sciences
 French became preferred language of diplomacy and
culture
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Most powerful Bourbon monarch
Became king at age 5
Initially rules by two regents, his mother and
Cardinal Mazarin
Upon Mazarin’s death, he announce he would
run his own government
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Reigned for 72 years, longest in European history
Set the style of European monarchs for 1600s
and 1700s
Known as the “Sun King”…around whom the
royalty and nobility of Europe revolved
Lavish court—lots of pomp and pageantry
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Source of all political
authority
“I am the state”
Louis XIV
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Louis emphasized strong monarchy because of
fear of disorder without it
 Had lived through the Fronde—series of uprisings by
nobles and peasants
 Troops lost control of Paris and mobs ran the streets
 Fronde crushed, but Louis remembered the attempt
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Absolute monarchy supported by Jacques
Bossuet
 Leading church official in France
 Strong defense and justification of absolute monarchy
 “you see the image of God in the king, and you have the
idea of royal majesty”
 Subjects had no right to revolt, even if king was unjust
 Kings need account to no one except God, but they
should act with humility and restraint
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After the Frond, Louis refused to live in Paris
Established his palace in Versailles
 Sparred no expense
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Palace
 Elegant apartments, sweeping staircases, mirrowed
halls, priceless tapestries, etc.
 Offices for government officials
 Rooms where people lived
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Palace…
 Up to 10,000 people lived there
 Acres of formal gardens, sculptures, fountains
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Louis felt secure here
Had nobility attend court so he could control
them
Nobility depended on him for pensions, court
posts, and protection from creditors
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Louis…
 Freed nobles from paying taxes
 Sold offices with guaranteed salaries
 Became drain on treasury
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Louis continued Henry IV move toward
absolutism
 Chose most advisers from middle-class families
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Louis did not change some traditional feudal
policies—customs, private tolls, legal customs
 Hard to do
 Would disrupt country
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Louis added two key people important to his
reign
 Jean-Baptiste Colbert (kohl*BEHR)
 Believed government should direct the economy
 Francois Michel Le Telliier, the Marquis de Louvois
(loov*WAH)
 Served as minister of war and improved France’s military
position
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Louis failed to adjust the tax system—the poor
carried the burden
 Noble, clergy, and government official officials were
exempt
 Independent tax collectors made money
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Unreformed tax system heightened economic
differences between regions
 Visible improvement in one’s farm or household might
lead to higher taxes
 No incentive to improve one’s output
 Tax system encouraged people to move to lower taxed
regions—heavily taxed regions became poorer
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Louis repealed the Edict of Nantes
 Wanted Huguenots to be Catholics
 Louis sought Huguenots loyalty to the throne
 Huguenots fled to other nations
 Great loss of expertise to France
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Louis pursued expansion of France
 Many monarchs sided against Louis
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Europe concerned about succession of Spanish
throne
 France and Austria had claims
 Europe concerned that France would inherit Spain’s vast
empire
 Charles II’s will would settle the issue but cause problems
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Charles II’s will…
 Keep empire intact, but pass Spain to Louis XIV
grandson, Philip of Anjou
 Philip became king of entire empire
 Europe plunged into conflict known as the War of the
Spanish Succession
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The War of Spanish Succession lasted form 1701
to 1713
 England, the Dutch Netherland, and Austria led
Grande Alliance of European nations against France
and Spain
 Peace was restored with Peace of Utrecht
 France and Spain didn’t unite under one crown
 Philip V recognized King of Spain
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Brilliant cultural period
 Grande buildings and designs
 Uplifting of the arts
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Building and wars left France broke
Weakened French nobility lost power, but not
desire for power
Peasants resented privileges of nobility
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After Louis’s death, noble sought to expand their
power under Louis grandson, Louis XV
Conflicts between nobility and middle class
would bring France to brink of war
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The German States
Section 4
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Section Theme
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Conflcit
 Dynastic and religious conflicts divide the German
States
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Section Objective
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Examine how the Thirty Years’ War was different
from prior European wars
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Terms to Define
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Pragmatic sanction
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People to Meet
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Maria Theresa
Frederick II
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Places to Locate
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Austria
Prussia
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Overview
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The Hapsburgs of Austria attempt to establish
absolute monarchy in central and eastern Europe
 Led to the Thirty Years’ War
 Fighting took place in Germany, but most European
nations became involved
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The Thirty Years’ War
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Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
continued in Germany
 Began in Bohemia
 Ferdinand of Styria, Hapsburg, heir to Holy Roman
Empire throne
 Curtailed freedoms of Bohemian Protestants--Mostly
Czechs
 Czechs and soon there was civil war
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The Thirty Years’ War
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War expanded to Catholic princes against
Protestant princes
Philip III of Spain, Hapsburg, sent aid to
Ferdinand
Czechs were crushed and forced into Catholicism
 War continued anyway
 Protestant Denmark entered and fought against
Hapsburgs
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The Thirty Years’ War
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Denmark retreated but then Sweden entered the
war to defend Protestantism
 War had been going for 12 years
 Religious issues changed to political issues
 Cardinal Richelieu attacked Catholic Hapsburgs to keep
them from becoming too powerful
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After another 13 years the war ended in 1648
The Treaty of Westphalia ended the war
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The Thirty Years’ War
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Peace of Westphalia extended the Peace of
Augsburg
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Added Calvinist freedoms and recognition
Germany weakened
France strengthened
Holy Roman Empire remained divided into 300
separate states
 Hapsburgs ruled Austria and Hungary, but ruled
Germany in name only
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After Thirty Years’ War, Hapsburgs concentrated
on strong monarchy in Austria, Hungary, and
Bohemia
Austrians regained territory from the Ottomans
on the Balkan Peninsula
Maria Theresa, 23 years of age, inherited the
Austrian throne
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Maria’s father was Charles VI
 According to custom and law, women could not rule
Austria
 Charles convinced other leaders to accept a
“pragmatic sanction”—royal decree with force of law
 Europe’s rulers promised not to divide Hapsburg lands
and
 To accept a female on the Austrian throne
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Maria Theresa faced many enemies
 France was a traditional rival
 Brandenburg-Prussian was ruled by Hohenzollern
family
 During Thirty Years’ War, they gained control of Prussia
and other lands
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Frederick William was one of greatest
Hohenzollern monarchs
 Called “Great Elector”
 Created permanent standing army
 When Junkers (nobles) resisted his plan to raise taxes,
he exempted them from taxation and gave them
power over peasants
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Frederick William became absolute ruler due to
his agreement with Junkers
Frederick I succeeded his father
 Helped Austrian Hapsburgs against Louis XIV
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A powerful leader
 Centralized Prussian government
 Supported production and trade
 Made his army the most efficient fighting force in
Europe –”Royal Drill Sergeant”
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Frederick I’s son, became king of Prussia 1740
Became known as “Frederick the Great”
 Seized Austrian province of Silesia
 Ignored ”pragmatic sanction”
 Began War of Austrian Succession
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War of Austrian Succession…
 Prussia stronger than Austria
 Maria Theresa sent troops to battle
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Prussian Allies
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France
Spain
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Austrian Allies
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Great Britain
Dutch Netherlands
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After 7 years of fighting
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Signed the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Prussia recognized as major power
Prussia could keep Silesia
Maria Theresa kept Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia
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Maria Theresa was not satisfied to lose Selisia
 Changed alliance from Great Britain to France
 Supported Russia, arch enemy of Prussia
 Set stage for further conflict
 The Seven Years’ War
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Seven Years’ War
 1756 to 1763
 World-wide conflict
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Overseas
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French and Indian War
between France and Great
Britain
France and Great Britain
fought in India
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Continental Europe
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Prussia against Austria, Russia,
France, and other nations
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Seven Years’ War
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Seven Years’ War ended with Treaty of Paris in
1763
 France gave up most lands of French Canada and
lands east of the Mississippi to Great Britain
 Great Britain replaced France as leading power in
India
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Great Britain emerged as strongest colonial
power and Russia retained Silesia
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Russia
Section 5
Section Theme
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Innovation
 Peter the Great attempts to modernize Russian society
Section Objective
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Understand how the power of Russian czars
differed from that of other European monarchs
Terms to Define
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Boyar
Dvorianie
serf
People to Meet
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Ivan IV
Peter I
Catherine II
Places to Locate
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Poland
St Petersburg
Siberia
Timeline
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1533, Ivan IV (the Terrible) begins rule
1689, Peter I (the Great) becomes czar
1721, Russia secures areas of Baltic coastline
1796, Catherine II (the Great) dies
Overview
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Russia makes gains 1500-1800
Ottoman Turks ruled most of Balkan Peninsula
Austria controlled the Slovaks and the Czechs
Poland had been large, important power in 1300s
but gradually weakened by 1600s
Ukrainian subjects rebelled against Poland and
united with Russia
Overview
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In 1700s, Prussia, Austria, and Russian divided
Poland among themselves
Belarus passed from Polish to Russian control
Rise of Russia
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Russia was isolated from the Renaissance,
Crusades, and Reformation
 Its civilization developed from Eastern Orthodox
Church and Byzantine Empire
 Monarchy was all powerful and crushed opponents
 Churches, nobility, etc., never posed same challenge
as in Europe
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Most powerful of early czars
Known as “the Terrible” or “the Awesome”
Became czar at age of 3
Saw much cruelty very young
Saw treason everywhere
 Arrested, exiled, executed many
 In a fit of rage, killed his own son
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Took many steps against boyars (nobles) to
reduce threat at home
 Seized lands (about half the country) and placed under
government control
 Former owners were dispersed
 On seized lands, he placed his loyal people who became
a secret police force that terrorized the others
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Ivan increased trade with the West
 Imported artisans, doctors, etc., for Germany and
other countries
 English found north sea route to Russia
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Seeking a warm water port outlet to the sea, he
waged a 25-year war with Poland, Lithuania, and
Sweden—he lost land to Sweden
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After Ivan’s death, Russia entered the “time of
troubles”
 Chaos lasted 1598 to 1613
 Disputed throne, peasant revolts, famine, epidemics
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Order restored when Michael Romanov was
elected czar
 Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917
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Boundless energy
Nearly 7 feet tall
Sought to bring Russia into mainstream
European civilization
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As young man, he was fascinated with practical
subjects
 Found most Russians lacking knowledge
 Peasants illiterate
 Few nobles well educated
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Upon becoming czar, took 18-month tour of
England and Netherland
Toured factories, mills, shipyards, laboratories
Learned carpentry
Practiced dentistry and surgery
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Returning from tour, Peter forced Russian
nobility to adopt the ways of western Europe
 Wear Western clothing
 Beards must be shaved
 Women had been left out of dinner parties and were
now told to attend
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Peter sent Russians abroad to study various fields
Peter invited foreign experts to trian Russians in
various fields
Peter’s greatest effort to open the Russia to the
west was the building to St. Petersburg, the new
capital of Russia—Russia’s “window to the West”
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Peter sought to make Russia a European power
 Expanded Russian boundaries north, east and
northwest
 Forced China to recognize Russia’s claim to Siberia
 Wanted to win a warm sea port in the Black Sea
 At war with Sweden, Poland , or Ottoman Empire
 Modernized the army and defeated Sweden to control
the eastern end of Baltic Region
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Borrowed ideas from France
 Created central bureaucracy and brought local
governments under its control
 Brought Eastern Orthodox Church under government
control
 Created Holy Synod-- a council of bishops responsible
to the secular government
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Peter created a new class of noble—dvorianie
 Performed government service
 Could own land and pass it on to family
 Loyalty to czar started at 15 and lasted until death
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Peter used both privileges and force achieve
government service
 Gave noble control of serfs
 Increased taxes but changed laws so that nobles paid
no taxes—as it was in France
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Serfs remained far behind western Europe for
attaining freedom
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To stimulate economic growth
 Brought agriculture and craft production under
government control
 Gave incentives to increase production in some areas
 New production centers given land, money, and
workers
 Workers tied to trade
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Strengthened Russia’s role in foreign affairs
Domestic policies had limited success
 Broke with Eastern Orthodox culture which had
brought nobles and peasants closer together
 Developed split over those clinging to old ways and
those adopting the new ways
 Reforms were incomplete and hasty
 Russia into mainstream of western European culture
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Catherine followed
Peter (died in 1725) and
a series of weak
monarchs
Catherine the Great
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Began rule in 1762 after
seizing the throne from
her weak husband,
Peter III
 Born a German princes
 Adapted Russian ways
 Empress of Russia
Catherine the Great
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Influenced by leading
western European
thinkers early in her
reign
 Studied their works
 Corresponded with them
Catherine the Great
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Considered freeing
serfs
 Peasant rebellion
changed her mind
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Sought support of
nobles
 Permitted nobles to treat
serfs as they wished
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Palace of Catherine the Great
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During Catherine’s reign
 More peasants forced
into serfdom than ever
 Serf conditions worsened
 Common people fewer
rights than rest of Europe
 Crushed rebellions
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Successful foreign
policy earned her “the
great”
 Expanded borders south
 Achieved warm water
port at Black Sea
 Enabled Russian armies to
defeat Ottoman Turks
Catherine the Great
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Foreign policy…
 Acquired territory from
Poland
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Last of great monarchs
of 1700s
New ideas, at her
death, questioned
monarchy as institution
Statue of Catherine the Great
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