Transcript Lipids Long Term Energy Storage

Lipids
Long Term Energy Storage
Lipids
• Excess Carbohydrates are converted to Lipids
by the body
• Store house for Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Building Blocks of Cell Membranes
• Essential for forming Hormones
• Energy Storage Units (Fats)
Forms of Lipids
• Fats and Oils
( often referred to as the Neutral
Fats)
• Store Energy
• Phospholipids
• Make Up Cell Membranes
• Steroids
• Regulate Body Processes
Simple Fats / Oils are
Triglycerides
• 2 Basic Molecules in any FAT/OIL
• GLYCEROL + FATTY ACIDS
Triglyceride
G
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c
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Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
What is Glycerol?
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
Fatty Acid
O H H H H H
HO C C C C C C H
H H H H H
Fatty Acid
a hydrocarbon chain with COOH attached
(COOH is called the carboxyl group)
Formation of a Triglyceride
Simple lipids are fats or triglycerides – contain an alcohol called
glycerol and at least one fatty acid.
Dehydration Synthesis
H
O H
H C O C C
H
H C O
O H
H C O C C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C H
H
H
C H
H
1 Glycerol + 3 FA’s = 1 Triglyceride + 3 H2O
FATTY ACID COMES IN 2 FLAVOURS
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED
• contain only C, H and O
• Fatty Acids are generally 16 – 18 carbons long
• Saturated fats have saturated fatty acids
• Ex. The animal fats
• Ex. Bacon fat, butter
• Solid at room temperature
• have single bonded hydrogens at every position
along the carbon chain
• no double bonds – not good
FATTY ACIDS …
• unsaturated fats have unsaturated fatty
acids
• plant oils  liquid at room temperature
• Canola oil
• Safflower oil
• Olive oil
• have one or more double bonds
Fat is formed when a molecule of glycerol combines with
Fatty Acid Molecules
Fat cells -- note nucleus and rim of cytoplasm pushed to
one side by the accumulation of fat.
Phospholipid = Complex
Lipids
Phosphate
G
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c
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Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• polar heads
– negatively charged because of phosphate / nitrogen
groups
– These are water friendly or “hydrophilic” and are
soluble in water
• nonpolar tails – “hydrophobic” and tend to turn away
from water whenever possible
• similar to triglycerides except that a phosphate group
replaces one of the fatty acids
• thus elements present are = C, H, O, P
Phospholipids & Membranes
• PL’s make the backbone of cell membranes
• Polar head faces out
• Non-polar tails face in
• This creates a membrane
Helps to create the lipid bi-layer we see in cells
Emulsification has occurred – soaps, detergents, bile salts
from the gall bladder do this
Polar End Toward Water / Nonpolar End on Inside
Phospholipids are great in
SOAPS
• emulsifiers
– emulsification = to break up into smaller
globules
• not lipids but help to emulsify lipids
• bile emulsifies fats in the digestive tract
Emulsification has occurred – soaps, detergents, bile salts
from the gall bladder do this
Steroids
Backbone of 4 fused carbon rings
Steroids
1. Usually 4 carbon rings fused
together.
2. Lipids that have no fatty acids.
3. Different functional groups
attached
•
CHOLESTEROL is the basic
building block for several
steroids like
TESTOSTERONE and
ESTROGEN
Important Steroids
•
•
•
•
Cholesterol
Vitamin D
Estrogen
Testosterone
Anabolic-androgenic
steroids are manmade substances
related to male sex
hormones.
Can be taken orally or
injected, typically in
cycles of weeks or
months.
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis (ath"er-o-skleh-RO'sis) comes
from the Greek words athero (meaning gruel or
paste) and sclerosis (hardness). It's the name of
the process in which deposits of fatty
substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products,
calcium and other substances build up in the
inner lining of an artery. This buildup is called
plaque. It usually affects large and mediumsized arteries.
Atherosclerosis
1 is the Lumen Opening
2 is Plaque (Fat)
3 is Artery Wall
Nearly 5 million Americans are living with heart failure, and
550,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.
Picture A shows atherosclerotic deposits in coronary arteries, which reduce blood
flow and impair oxygen and nutrient supply to millions of heart muscle cells. The
coronary arteries of patients with angina pectoris typically look like this.
Picture B shows the coronary arteries of a patient who died from a heart attack. On
top of the atherosclerotic deposits, a blood clot formed which completely interrupted
the blood flow through this artery. This is called a heart attack. Millions of heart
muscle cells die off, leaving the heart muscle permanently impaired or leading to the
death of the patient.
Brown Fat
Fat cells that appear darker
because of more
mitochondria.
Brown Fat in a Human Baby
Brown fat deposits are found in newborn and
hibernating mammals,
and can produce heat to warm the body.
Leading Cause of
Atherosclerosis?