Please get all four handouts from the table

!

  December 17, 2010  Protests begin January 14, 2011  President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia

     Technocratic administration  Government controlled by scientists, engineers and other experts New constitution and electoral board Islamist party Ennahda competes for power Interim government until elections this year  President Moncef Marzouki Most advanced women’s rights in the Arab world, gender equality in elected assemblies

 Moncef Marzouki

     Islamist militants threaten attacks Widespread resentment over unemployment, economic development and the high cost of living Relies of European tourism, which has fallen Trafficking continues to be a problem Increased number of street children

      Corruption Electoral fraud Censorship Low wages High unemployment Inspiration from other protests

 Hosni Mubarak took power in 1981 after the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat  National Democratic Party  One-party rule  Continuous state of emergency  Support of the West by maintaining policies of suppression towards Islamic militants and peace with Israel

 Enacted after the 1967 Six-Day War  Police powers extended  Constitutional rights suspended  Censorship legalized  May imprison people without reason and indefinitely ▪ Cited the threat of terrorism to extend the law ▪ Led the imprisonment of activists ▪ Hidden detention facilities

   Alleged torture, abuse and death and the hands of police Activists and observers circulate cellphone video Police brutality was high in response to protests

   Rapid population growth Youth bulge  Unemployment  Living conditions remained poor Economic corruption  Members of the NDP seemed to be the only people who benefitted from the nation’s wealth

  Opposition groups called for a planned day of revolt Protest against police abuse    National Police Day Video blogging, Facebook Tahrir Square

  Later that night clashes broke out between revolutionaries and pro-Mubarak demonstrators Protests continue the next day and on Feb 1 Mubarak makes another address offering more concessions

   On July 3, 2013 – generals ousted democratically elected Mohamed Morsy  Muslim Brotherhood ▪ Now banned as a terrorist organization Field Marshal Abdel Fattah El-Sisi was elected in the spring of 2014 Redrafting the constitution has been conflicted

    High unemployment On the brink of an energy crisis Instability  Repression of protestors and government critics ▪ More than 1,400 killed since July  March – 529 death sentences to Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters  Al Jazeera journalists arrested and detained Claims of sexual abuse against women  “virginity tests”

  Fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government Protests against the government escalated into a rebellion

      Muammar Gaddafi – took office in 1969 in coup

The Green Book

Stepped down from power in 1977 Ceremonial position Weak military, outdated weapons Maintained a balance of power

    1975 – manifesto Decentralized direct democracy, state run People’s committee’s which served as local governments Indirectly elected by the General People’s Committee led by a Secretary-General as the executive branch

 Oil revenues  Offer services or to supporters   Spent on arms, sponsoring militant groups Gaddafi family had a personal fortune   Lavish lifestyles, luxurious homes, Hollywood film investments and private parties Proposed reform for oil money to be spent on the people was delayed in 2009

   Strict censorship Executed dissidents through public hangings and mutilations and re-broadcast them on public television channels Dissident was illegal under Law 75 of 1973 and anyone found guilty of founding a political party would be executed

    Major demonstrations took place in Benghazi, Ajdabiya, Damah and Zintan among others Gaddafi forces fired into the crowd Prisoners were released from jail and paid to fight protestors in Benghazi Mercenaries were hired to supplement security forces

   Rebels take the city after several days of fighting Several hundred die Fighters seize the garrison

    Gaddafi began forcing rebel forces back Libyans in the east were reluctant to oppose the government On March 17, UN Security Council voted to impose a no-fly zone over Libya  Enforced by NATO  French jets began bombing hours after the resolution passed, US and UK joined afterwards  Support from several Arab nations including Qatar and United Arab Emirates March 21 – second wave of airstrikes (Tripoli)

      Surround Gaddafi in Tripoli Captured much needed supplies Allowed them to pass through rebel-controlled territory and encircle the Gaddafi controlled capital Opposition cells cause high causalities to rebel units Gaddafi makes two TV addresses calling on Libyans to fight off the rebel “rats” and saying he will be “with you until the end” Battle for Tripoli rages through August

August 22 Saif al-Islam Gaddafi said his father’s forces were still in control of the city.

     The interim government meets in Paris to discuss ruling Production of oil starts again UN Security Council eases sanctions on Libya Gaddafi taunts NATO in a speech Interim rulers announce that most of Gaddafi loyalists are captured and the last few are surrounded

    Last strongholds are captured October 20, Gaddafi dies after wounds being during his capture near Sirte Mustafa Abdel Jalil, the leader of the NTC declares the liberation of Libya The bodies of Gaddafi,his son Mutassim and a former aid are moved from display to a planned burial  An investigation into the death is planned

 National Transitional Council handed power to the General National Congress  Elections held in July 2012    Appointed Prime Minister Ali Zeidan Tensions between GNC nationalists and Islamists cause fighting and tension In April, Parliament voted Ali Zeidan out of office over his failure to stop the rebels from exporting oil independently

    Oil production has slowed  Armed protestors have seized oil ports and fields The process for a new constitution has been delayed  The 60 member committee chosen to draft includes only 6 women Political divisions undermine Libya's transition United States and French embassies closed in the summer of 2014 due to deteriorating conditions

 Began on March 15, 2011  Family has held power since 1971  Four decades of Ba’ath rule  Bashar al-Assad

       Conservative Sunnis  Alawite favorability Cities with high poverty Drought in early 2011 – Daraa and Homs High youth population – unemployment Emergency rule from 1963-2011  War with Israel Banned political parties, censorship Discrimination against ethnic minorities  Syrian Kurds

  Bashar al-Assad  Alawite sect   Only 12% of population 2011 protests  Offshoot of Shiite Muslim Restricted coverage  Journalists went missing  Disabled phones and extracted passwords  Targeted and tortured  Live ammunition into protests

    Who’s fighting  Government Loyal to Ba’ath Party   Free Syrian Army (FSA) Defected Syrian armed forces personnel and civilians  Jabhat al-Nusra Jihadist group linked to al-Qaeda ISIS, Also known as Islamic State in Iraq and the   Levant and Islamic State (IS).

Started as an Al-Qaeda splinter group Fast Facts

      Opposition group is splintered Peace conferences have achieved nothing Government blames the violence on terrorists Opposition wants to replace as-Assad Human cost, over 100,000 have died 680,000 wounded Economy has been decimated

 How is Syria different?

 Leadership  Time period  Rebel groups  Insurgents  Foreign support  More information