Transcript Document

HYMENOPTERA
(wasps, bees, ants)
500
400
Silurian
Devonian
300
Carboniferous
200
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
100
0
Cretaceous
Entognatha
Archaeognatha
Hexapoda
Insecta
Pterygota
?
Neoptera
Holometabola
Apterygotes
Paleoptera
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous
Zygentoma
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Mantodea
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
So far in classification
Exopterygota
Head
with gula
Neuropteroid Orders
mandibulate
Hymenoptera
2
Neoptera
Diptera
Wings
Mecopteroid orders
larvae
without
legs
Head
without
gula
4
No wings
rostrate
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Wings with scales
- Lepidoptera
Wings with hairs
- Trichoptera
larvae
with legs
Beetle head - Ventral
Wasp head - Ventral
No gula
Gula
Hexapod Orders
Hymenoptera
Hymen - membrane, ptera - wing
Number of Species
125,000 (60 – 90% undescribed)
Common names
Wasps, bees, ants
Typical habitats
Diverse
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
-hamulae for wing coupling
-ovipositor modified as stinger
-constricted ‘waist’
-aposematic colouration
500
400
Silurian
Devonian
300
Carboniferous
200
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
100
0
cretaceous
Entognatha
Archaeognatha
Insecta
Pterygota
?
Neoptera
Zygentoma
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Mantodea
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Holometabola
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Combination of ancestral and derived traits:
Ancestral
Derived
1. Mandibulate mouthparts
1. Wing coupling via hamuli
2. Generalized ovipositor
2. Haploid-diploid sex determination
Historical Hymenoptera
Egyptian tomb
Neolithic cave painting
Importance
Pollination
Importance
Biological control - Parasitoids
Parasitioids
Differences from parasites:
1. Single host organism
2. Host will eventually die (after the
lifespan of the parasitoid)
3. Can be larvaphagous or oophagous
Distinguishing Features
1) Mouthparts (ancestral feature)
Distinguishing Features
2) Wing coupling (derived feature)
hamulae
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications (derived feature)
Narrow “waist”
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications
First abdominal segment (propodeum)
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers
Tergum 9
gonoplac
first gonapophysis (lancet)
second gonapophysis (stylet)
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers
second
gonapophysis
(stylet)
first
gonapophysis
(lancet)
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers
Venom Glands
Venom gland
Venom reservoir
Dufour’s gland
Distinguishing Features
4) Social structure
Workers
Queen
Males
(drones)
Distinguishing Features
4) Social structure
Comparison with Isoptera
Hymenoptera
Isoptera
Worker is adult
Worker is nymph
Drone is N
Whole colony is 2N
Drone is for fertilization only
King is part of colony
No specialized worker classes
Soldier is specialized worker
Distinguishing Features
5) Haplodiploid sex determination
Most animals
Hymenoptera
x
x
2N
2N
N
2N
Siblings – related by 50%
Worker/Sisters – related by 75%
Hymenoptera - Classification
Vespoidea
Sphecoidea
Symphyta
Formicoidea
Apoidea
Free
living
Ichneumonoidea
Chalcidoidea
Aculeata
Parasitica
Apocrita
No ‘waist’
‘waist’
Hymenoptera
Parasitoids
Hymenoptera - Classification
2 Suborders
1) Symphyta (sawflies)
- no ‘waist’
Hymenopteran fossils (Xyelidae)
Early Cretaceous
Hymenoptera - Classification
2 Suborders
1) Symphyta (sawflies)
- no ‘waist’
Sawfly Damage
Hymenoptera - Classification
Vespoidea
Sphecoidea
Symphyta
Formicoidea
Apoidea
Free
living
Ichneumonoidea
Chalcidoidea
Aculeata
Parasitica
Apocrita
No ‘waist’
‘waist’
Hymenoptera
Parasitoids
Hymenoptera - Classification
2 Suborders
2) Apocrita
- waist - includes most Hymenoptera
Aculeata (stinging forms)
Parasitica (piercing forms)
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
1) Formicoidea - ants
Formicidae
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
1) Formicoidea - ants
Formicidae
Army ants
Carpenter ant
Leafcutter ants
Carpenter ant damage
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
2) Apoidea - bees
Bumblebee
Honey bee
Sweat bee
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - wasps, hornets, yellowjackets
Yellowjacket
Paperwasp
Baldfaced Hornet
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - wasps, hornets, yellowjackets
Tarantula hawk - Pepsis
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - Nests
Yellowjacket
Baldfaced Hornet
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - Nests
Paperwasp (Polistes)
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
4) Sphecoidea - digger wasps, mud daubers, potters
Digger wasp
Potter wasp
Mud dauber wasp
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
4) Sphecoidea - nests
Digger wasp
Potter wasp
Mud dauber wasp
Hymenoptera - Classification
Vespoidea
Sphecoidea
Symphyta
Formicoidea
Apoidea
Free
living
Ichneumonoidea
Chalcidoidea
Aculeata
Parasitica
Apocrita
No ‘waist’
‘waist’
Hymenoptera
Parasitoids
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies - Parasitica
5) Chalcidoidea
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies - Parasitica
5)
Ichneumonoidea
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies - Parasitica
5)
Ichneumonoidea
Parasitoids used in biological control
Ancestral families
-ectoparasitoids on wood boring insects
(beetles, caterpillars, wood wasps)
Multiple switches
to
endoparasitoidism
Manipulation of host’s physiology
Hymenoepimecis
Host – spider - Plesiometa
Manipulation of host’s physiology
Wasp temporarily
parasitizes the spider
and lays egg
Web is designed to
support wasp
cocoon
Wasp larva feeds on
spider
Near end of
development –
causes spider to spin
different web
Manipulation of host’s physiology
Endoparasitoids
-must overcome host’s immune system
Poly-DNA-virus
- integrated into wasp’s
chromosomal DNA &
transmitted to offspring
Poly-DNA-virus
-packaged into
nucleocapsids in wasp’s
ovaries
Injected into host
Virus expresses genes
that compromise host’s
immune reaction