Transcript SRT251: CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES

SRT251: CONSTRUCTION
AND STRUCTURES
PROJECT 1: WAREHOUSE AND
OFFICE COMPLEX
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Fiona Allpress: 300138121
Jamie Ifrah: 300173659
Steven Kymantas: 300175956
Adam Wood: 300182771
Stephen Young: 300150037
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Contents (home)
WAREHOUSE:
Span Table: PG 4
Concrete for Slab: PG 5,6,7
Footing System for Slab: PG 8
Grid System for Warehouse: PG 9
Portal Frames: PG10, 11, 12, 13
Portal, Bracing and bolt specification: PG 14
Examples of Portal Frames: PG 15, 16
Envelop System: Tilt-up: PG 17, 18
Roof Structure: PG 19
Roof Cladding: PG 20
Guttering System: PG 21
Roller Doors and Exits: PG 22
Figure 1: PG 23
Layout of Warehouse: PG 24
Sketches: PG 25, 26
Site Layout: PG 27
Warehouse Section: PG 28
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SHOWROOM:
Concrete Slab for Showroom: PG 30
Grid System & Layout for Showroom: PG 31
Portal Frame for Showroom: PG 32
Portal, Bracing and bolt specification: PG 33
Examples of Showrooms: PG 34, 35
Envelop System: Tilt-up: PG 36
Roof Cladding & Guttering System: PG 37
Showroom Finish: PG 38
Showroom Section: PG 39
REFERENCES
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WAREHOUSE
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Span Table
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Concrete for Slab
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Reinforced concrete:
Reinforced concrete combines concrete and some form of reinforcement into a composite whole.
Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Steel has very high tensile strength. By
combining steel and concrete into composite material we are taking advantage of steel’s high tensile
strength and concrete’s compressive strength.
Retaining walls:
Retaining walls likened to vertical beam fixed at one end. Soil or other material being retained causes
wall to act as cantilever. The footing of the wall tends to bend or distort as load is applied.
Reinforcement should be distributed to resist these stresses.
Joints in concrete construction:
Joints can be of two general types:
1.
2.
Those which allow no relative movement of concrete on either side of them.
Those which allow relative movement.
It is recommended that joints allow relative movement. They are named according to type of movement they allow…
Contraction joints: allow concrete to shrink away from plane of the joint while restraining relative movement in
other directions.
Expansion joints: separate two faces sufficiently to allow expansion towards the plane of the joint. This also allows
contraction but prevents movement in other directions.
Isolation joints: completely separates two faces and allows complete freedom of relative movement.
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Concrete for Slab
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Location of joints: Contraction joints should be located where severest concentrations of tensile stresses resulting
from shrinkage of the concrete are expected to occur. For example, in large areas of pavement or slab on ground.
Spacing of contraction joints generally dictated by designer or supervising engineer, however, 5 to 6m can be used
as
a guide.
Large areas of concrete should be divided into approximately square bays by means of contraction joints. Joints
must be spaced sufficiently close together to prevent shrinkage cracks from occurring between successive joints.
Expansion joints create a gap between two surfaces so as to allow expansion of concrete into the gap. The gap is
usually filled with compressible filler, e.g. rubber, plastic, cork or mastic. All relative movement in the plane of joint
is prevented. Expansion joints most expensive type of joint to make. An increase in concrete’s temperature will
generally increase the concrete’s length, e.g. temperature rise of 10C. in a 10 metre length of unrestrained concrete
will result in an expansion of about 1mm.
Under Australian climatic conditions normal maximum temperature differential through a year doesn’t exceed about
40C. Therefore thermal movements at a joint wouldn’t exceed 10mm. per 25 m. of concrete. Thus if decided to
place expansion joints at 25m. intervals, they must be sufficiently wide enough to allow for 10mm. movement. If
joint made 15mm. wide at average temperature, should be filled with material capable of being compressed to
10mm. thickness and of expanding to 20mm. thickness.
Spacing of expansion joints is design consideration. Building rarely exceed 30m. in length without introduction of
either an expansion or an isolating joint into floors, columns and beams.
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Concrete for Slab
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Class of concrete:
Normal class of concrete is intended to cover the
needs of the majority of domestic, commercial,
industrial and institutional building projects.
Normal class concrete has a strength grade chosen from
N20, N25, N32, N40 or N50.
Slump required at point of delivery chosen from 40, 60,
80 or 100mm.
Maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate chosen from 10, 14 or
20mm.
Footing System for Slab
The footing system we have chosen to use is an isolated pad footing system, at the point loads of the
columns. The pads are 1000mm by 1000mm by 750mm. Once this has been achieved we will then
poor a 150mm thick slab with 300mm by 300mm edge beams running around the exterior of the
building. This will be poured so the finished height of the slab is at the same level as the pad
footings.
300
150
750
1000
300
40,000
Grid System for Warehouse
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40,000
8000
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40,000
8000
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Portal Frames
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A Portal Frame is a ‘continuous rigid frame with a restrained joint between the stanchion and beam’ (Jeremy Ham’s
lecture notes; lecture 1). They provide an efficient structural solution to long span construction.
There are the three types of portal frame construction:
1.
3-pinned portal,
2.
2-pinned and
3.
Rigid base portal
3-pin portal frames have three pin joints. Two at each of the supports and one at ‘crown.’
2-pin frame has 2 pin joints at the supports.
In Two and Three pinned frames, the portal frame is supported at ground level with a pin joint, therefore
‘rotational’ forces don’t have to be resisted in the footing. Bending moments are transmitted vertically into
the ground, reducing footing size but as a consequence have a heavier frame.
All joints in rigid base portal frames are restrained. This system
requires good foundations and is used to span smaller distances
compared with pinned construction. This inturn leads to greater
volumes of concrete required in the footing; hence adding to the
cost of the foundation. Rigid frames have lower bending moments
than Two and Three pinned frames resulting in rigid frames being
lighter and footings being heavier.
Source: Jeremy Ham’s lecture notes
A Portal Frame
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Purlins
Rafter/ beam
Knee joint
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Girts
Stanchion/ column
Base
Pad footing
Source: Jeremy Ham’s Lecture notes.
A Portal Frame
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Source: Jeremy Ham’s Lecture notes.
Portal Frames
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Portal Frames are most commonly used in
• warehouses,
• factory buildings,
• large span storage buildings, and
• heavy industrial process plant structures
When a beam in a portal frame is loaded it deforms elastically. The top
flange of the beam goes into compression, whilst the bottom flange
goes into tension. Such deformation would result in columns spreading
at base if there was no lateral restraint.
Footings resist this spreading and in doing so carry bending moments as
well as axial loads.
Columns also act in bending as connections between footings and
columns, and columns and beams are rigid.
Roof members generally have low pitched rafters or horizontal beams
that are connected to a stanchion with a rigid joint. Roof pitches
between 5 and 10 degrees are preferred in portal frame construction.
These pitches are suitable for any continuous length steel sheet profiles
and this factor outweighs superior structural action of higher pitch
roofs, which have additional sheeting costs.
The most popular portal frame system is the ‘column and truss system.’
On a ‘cost’ basis, the simplicity of a portal frame results it in being the
cheaper option for spans less than 45 metres. For our requirements, this
seems to be the most viable option.
Source: http://www.ul.ie/%7Egaughran/Gildea/page8.htm
Portal, Bracing and Bolt Specifications
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We have chosen to use a rigid base portal
since it is ideal for smaller spans as well
as it allowing us to use smaller sized
members.
The size of our portal frame columns are
530UB92.4
The size of our portal frame beams are
460UB82.1
The size of our girts are 180x75x5.0 CC
The bracing specification is 30mm Rod
Bracing (See sketches for bracing layout).
The size of bolts used as M-20
specification.
Image: Bunnings Warehouse Waurn
Ponds. Shows bracing above an opening
Examples of Portal Frames
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Image: Bunnings Warehouse Waurn
Ponds. Shows Flange for beam section.
Image: Bunnings Warehouse Waurn
Ponds. Shows layout of warehouse.
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Examples of Portal Frames
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Purlins
Rafter
Girt
Services through flange
Column
Corrugated
Sheet
Image: Colerain Warehouse Separation St.
Image: KD Stewart centre Waurn Ponds.
Envelop System: Tilt-up Concrete
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Tilt up concrete construction is an economic & attractive alternative to the traditional
construction methods such as corrugated iron. It has a versatile design and is extremely
quick to construct.
By using a Tilt-up systems it helps ensure durability, with maintenance only required every
6 years with a new coat of paint.
Panel connections can be installed during initial construction to make panel detachment &
relocation easy.
Tilt-up concrete is ‘virtually’ impenetrable due to the thickness and strength of panels,
which proves a ‘positive’ with the use of folk lifts in our warehouse.
It is a first choice for fire resistance as a 6.5” wall will have a fire rating of 4 hours; this
inturn results in cheaper insurance for the client.
Slabs are casted on-site and after curing, are lifted or ‘tilted’ with crane & set on the
concrete foundations. The roof structure, once constructed, is anchored to walls.
After removal of panel braces, grout is applied at base of panels and all vertical joints are
caulked.
When determining the size crane to use it’s best to let the crane company decide this, based
on the size and weight of the panels.
http://www.tilt-up.org/construc/faq-general.htm
Envelop System: Tilt-up Concrete
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Expansion can be designed for by detaching and relocating the panels or cutting
new openings
Tilt up concrete also has excellent sound control through the sound reduction
properties of concrete. This is done by the ‘mass’ absorbing the sound rather than
‘letting it through.’
Tilt up is mainly done on the ground, so there is no vertical framework or
scaffolding required. There are also less labour crews since no vertical forming, or
other costly erection processes are required, thus allowing for a shorter project cycle
which presents less prosperous for accidents to occur.
Source:http://www.constructionengineers.com/images/BigSouixStop
Roof Structure
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The roofing system we have opted for is using ‘C’ section purlins.
There will be 25 purlins overall, 12 on either side of the pitch and 1 at the joint
between both sides. On both sides of the pitch, the first and last purlins will sit in
1 metre from each end, with 10 in between at 1.8 metre centre spacings. These ‘C’
section purlins will be 200mm x 75mm x 6mm, and weigh 15.5 kg/m. Although
capable of spanning 12 metres we have these purlins spanning at 8 metres.
Source: http://www.fielders.com.au/product.asp?pID=4
Dura Gal channels are high strength cold formed structural sections that are inline Hot-dip galvanised over a prepared surface, to produce a fully bonded coating
with a minimum average coating mass of 100 g/m2. The zinc surface then has a
surface conversion coating applied. All channels are coated with a clear polymer
over the conversion coat. (note that roof at 10° pitch)
Roof Cladding
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The roof cladding we have used for this warehouse is Colourbond WideKlip
produced by Fielders. The width of the cladding is 760 mm and requires
no screws therefore no screw holes. This type of cladding uses a clip system
which allows for them to give a watertight guarantee. We chose the lighter
of the two choices which was 0.42 BMT in thickness, making the mass 4.55
kg/m2. Below is a picture of the WideKlip. For the natural lighting we have
used UV-Stabilised Commercial Grade Reinforced Translucent Roofing,
which is an economical product for natural lighting in a large enclosed area.
It is also extremely flexible allowing it to meet unique variations of design
criteria. Common applications for such a product are things such as
commercial and industrial developments, institutional and other projects
where long-term high quality lighting is required. We have chosen a
thickness of 2.5 mm which makes its mass 3.66 kg/m2.
WideKlip
Topglass
FIELDERS
ALSYNITE NZ LIMITED
Guttering System
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We have chosen to use internal box guttering. The gutters
are 150mm X 100mm stainless steel square downpipes at
1800 lengths.
Image:
Bunnings
Warehouse
Waurn Ponds.
Shows a boxed
gutter
Source: www.fielders.com
Roller Doors & Exit Doors
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The type of roller door system we have chosen to use is the ‘industrial slat
type shutter. The steel shutter is designed to economically fulfill
requirements of the client (us) and can be made to custom size. Sizes for
openings range from 900mm x 900mm to 6000mm x 6000mm.
For our entrance doors we have opted to use a 6000mm X 6000mm roller
door system.
For the side access we have chosen a 3000mm X 3000mm roller door setup.
We have chosen to have 5 exit doors in our
warehouse. By law, it is required that exits are
provided at no more than 20 metres from any
position in the warehouse.
(see Figure 1)
Figure 1.
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Girt
Door One
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Vertical support
above opening
Door Two
Door Three
Door Four
Door Five
Fire Hydrant
Exit Door
Layout of Warehouse
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door
pellet
The proposed layout for shelving. We predict that
by using a three shelf system we can store
between 1100 and 1200 pellets.
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Sketches
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Sketches
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Preposed bracing sections
of warehouse
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Site Layout
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4. OFF-STREET CAR PARKING
REQUIREMENTS
Council’s standards for the number
of off-street car parking spaces
required with developments are
outlined below:
Commercial Premises and Offices 1
space per 35m2 of net floor area,
plus
1 space for Manager/Caretaker.
Industrial Development 1 space per
70m2 of net floor area, with a
minimum of 3 spaces per unit.
5.4 Entry and Exit to Site
The driveways and on-site
arrangements are to be such that
vehicles drive in a forward direction
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7. OTHER REQUIREMENTS
7.3 Disabled Driver Car Parking
A minimum of 1 space per 100 car
spaces is to be made available for
disabled driver car parking. If less
than 100 spaces are provided then at
least 1 space is to be made available.
This space is to be clearly marked and
identified, and provided as close as
practicable to shop entrances. The
width of the space is to be at least 3.0
metres.
7.4 Loading Bays
These shall have dimensions to suit
the type of vehicle servicing the
development, with absolute minimum
dimensions of 6.0 x 3.0m.
Warehouse Section
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Girts
180x75x5.0 CC
Pad Footing
1000 X 750d
Purlins
200 x 75 x 6
‘C’ sections
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Rafters
‘C’ sections
Reinforced
Concrete Slab
Columns
530UB92.4
Bracing
30mm rod bracing
Slab Thickening
300 wide
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SHOWROOM
Concrete Slab for Showroom
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We have chosen to use the same concrete slab
system for the showroom. We did this because
this system is high in strength and ensures there
will be no ground movement or foundation
movement.
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Grid system and Layout for
Showroom
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Portal frame for showroom
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The sizes of the members for the showroom are as follows:
-Columns 310UC158
-Beams (bearers) 310UB46.2
-Beams (roof) 310UB46.2
-Floor joists 240mm X 45mm.
-WideKlip roofing 10 degrees roof pitch
Tasmanian oak wooden strip flooring 19mm thick flooring Second storey floor- For the
second storey floor we have decided to use strip, the wood we chose was Jarrah, which is a
dark red brown hardwood. The reason we chose this wood was because it is appealing to the
eye and it had to be a hardwood, so that it would resist any abrasion to its surface from things
like chairs, etc.
Portal, Bracing and Bolt Specifications
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We are using the same bracing and bolt
specification as the warehouse
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Examples of Showrooms
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Image: Rex Gorrell Ford. Shows the front
entrance into the showroom. All ‘glass
front.’
Image: Rex Gorrell Ford. Showing
alternate entrance into building.
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Examples of Showrooms
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Image: Rex Gorrell Ford. Glass sections
Supported by aluminium. Clean view inside
Image: Reece Plumbing showroom.
Showing large spaning windows leaving
plenty of room inside to see.
Envelop System: Tilt-up Concrete
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We are using the same envelop system for the showroom as the warehouse. We decided this
in order to keep the same theme.
There are only2 differences, we are using a whole glass front section and for the walls, we
decided to use Custom Blue Orb-Lysaght.
We have chosen to use frameless glass doors and assemblies, this will allow us to maximise
our retail exposure on the ground floor, as this is where the showroom is. We are using
toughened glass in panes of 2500mm X 3500mm for the showroom front. The toughened
glass can be realised with minimal fixing and support structure. The strength of the glass
allows larger clear spans with minimum fixings, the fixings we are using are aluminium
patch channel fittings. These are bolted to the concrete slab and the external I-beams.
The glass we are using is Pilkington Armourfloat 12mm thick that is toughened safety glass
and tinted in accordance with AS2208.
Custom Blue Orb-Lysaght is a material which basically looks like corrugated sheeting. This
cladding goes on top of the Clayco tilt-up. The Clayco Tilt-up only goes up to a level of 7
metres, but in the section left over from the roof pitch we are using the Custom Blue OrbLysaght. The BMT (Bare Metal Thickness) is 0.60 colour bond 4.64 kg/m, the total weight
being 6.09 kg/m2. Covers either 608 mm or 762 mm spans, in whatever length required.
Roof Cladding & Guttering System
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The roof cladding we are using is also the same as the warehouse. This was
since there wasn’t any real need to change cladding types.
We also can keep the same guttering system.
WideKlip
Topglass
FIELDERS
ALSYNITE NZ LIMITED
Showroom Finish
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For the inner walls of the showroom, we will be creating stud walls in
between the columns with 60mm fibreglass insulation and then a 10
mm plasterboard wall. We aren’t setting up where the actual offices
will be situated, we are only doing the interior perimeter and facilities
such as toilets, kitchens, etc.
Showroom Section
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Bearers (beams)
310UB46.2
Pad Footing
1000 X 750d
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Roof Beams
310UB46.2
Columns
310UC158
Toughened Glass in panes of
2500mm X 3500mm
Reinforced
Concrete Slab
Slab Thickening
300 wide
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References
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Lysaght broacher
http://www.fielders.com.au/product.asp?pID=4
http://www.tilt-up.org/
http://www.ul.ie/%7Egaughran/Gildea/page8.htm
Jeremy Ham’s Lecture notes.
www.onesteel.com
www.clayco.com
www.pikington.com.au
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