Transcript History of Civil Engineering and Architecture

S.T.E.M.
What does S.T.E.M. stand for?
Science
Technology
Engineering
Mathematics
Science -
Method of finding out about the
natural world through observations
and experiments.
Science can be a noun and a verb.
Technology The knowledge and skills available
to a society.
Technology has been around much
longer than science.
Engineering -
Application of knowledge to design and
or build something useful
Engineers want to make things
better.
Mathematics The study of numbers, shapes and
patterns.
Math is the language of science.
Assignment:
Read and annotate Lesson 1
Chapter 1
Lesson 1
Observing Using senses to gather information.
Types of Observations
Qualitative Observation
Describing without numbers.
Quantitative Observation
Describing with numbers.
Activity 1 – Making Observations
Inferring (making an inference) -
Explain or interpret things you
observe.
Predicting Making a statement about the future
based on prior observations.
Classifying -
Grouping items together that are
alike.
Evaluating Forming a conclusion based on
observations and data.
Making Models -
Creating a representation of an
object or process.
Quiz!
1. What does S.T.E.M. stand for?
2. What word MUST be in any good
definition of science?
3. What do all scientists do?
4. What do all engineers do?
5. Do you think that you would
make a good engineer? Explain
why or why not.
Activity 2 – Using Science to Find Out
Lesson 2 – Thinking Like a Scientist
What qualities do scientists possess?
Scientists possess these qualitites
Curiosity,
Honesty,
Creativity,
Open-mindedness,
Skepticism,
Good ethics,
Bias awareness
Skepticism -
Having an attitude of doubt.
Ethics Rules of right and wrong
Bias Influence the outcome one way or
another; unfair.
A biased experiment is not good. Why?
Scientific Reasoning Logical way of thinking based on
gathering and evaluating evidence.
Scientific reasoning must be objective
not subjective.
Objective Not based on opinion
Subjective Based on opinion or personal feelings
Deductive Reasoning Applying a general idea to a specific
observation.
general to specific
Inductive Reasoning Using a specific observation to form a
general conclusion.
specific to general
Faulty reasoning will form a wrong
conclusion.
Lesson 3 – Scientific Inquiry
Read Page 18
“heavier objects fall faster than
lighter ones.”
Deductive or Inductive Reasoning?
Specific to general conclusion.
Demo – drop paper with baseball
Demo – free-fall tube with vacuum
Lesson 3 – Scientific Inquiry
Read Page 18
What does inquire mean?
Scientific Inquiry -
trying to find an answer to a
question
Possible Steps in Scientific Inquiry
1. Pose a Question
2. Develop a Hypothesis
3. Conduct an Experiment
4. Form a Conclusion
Hypothesis A possible answer to a question.
Must be testable!
Experiment The test of a hypothesis.
Variables Factors that can change in an experiment.
Manipulated Variable Purposely changed by the experimenter;
independent variable
Responding Variable Variable the may be observed to change
in the experiment; dependent variable
Controlled Experiment Only one variable is changed at a time.
Data Facts, figures, evidence gathered from
the experiment.
Graphs can help reveal patterns in data.
Conclusion Results of what was discovered in the
experiment.
ASSIGN:
Read and Annotate Pages 18- 26
Evidence -