Transcript Introduction to Psychology

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 13
Emotion
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
1
Chapter 13: Emotion:
A response of the whole organism & involves…
 physiological arousal
 expressive behaviors
 conscious experience
Emotion requires mainly WHICH nervous system?
Theories of Emotion: Main ? is….
Which is cause….Which is effect?:
Does your heart pound b/c you are afraid…
…OR R U afraid b/c you feel your heart pounding?
3 MAIN theories of emotion try to answer this:
1. James-Lange’s
2. Cannon-Bard’s
3. Schacter’s
KNOW which is which!!!2
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
 Says experience of emotion is an awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing
stimuli
see it 
Sight of
oncoming
car
heart pounds 
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
feel fear
Fear
(emotion)
(perception of
stimulus)
3
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion:
Emotion =
See it 
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
heart pounds + fear (together)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
 Emotion-arousing stimuli
simultaneously trigger:
 physiological responses
 subjective experience
of emotion
Fear
(emotion)
4
Schachter’s 2-Factor Theory of Emo.
 Says to experience emotion one must:
 be physically aroused
 cognitively label the arousal…so emotion is…
See = heart pound + think of “fear” = fear
Sight of
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
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COMPARING 2 of the Theories of emotion
Cogni. & Emot.: Brain’s emotional shortcuts
Must cognition come b4 emotion?
R. Zajonc says “No”…
-1 way: subliminal awareness (subconsciously aware…)
- shortcut fr. eye (or ear)  thalamus  amygdala
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
(Effect):
If you
make a
smile w/
a pen,
you will
feel
happier
If you
make a
frown-like
motion,
you will
feel sadder
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2 Routes to Emotion:
Zajonc-LeDoux.: We can react to emotion, then think
about whether to worry much about it…
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2 Dimensions (aspects) of Emotion:
Can it be Pos. vs. neg. b/c of personality?
“Up” & ready to perform…or stage fright?
Positive
valence
Low
arousal
pleasant
Relaxation:
Ahhh…
Sadness
Oh, well…
Joy:
Yippee!!
High
arousal
fear
Anger
GOOD GRIEF!!
Negative
valence
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Emotion & Physiology: STRESS!
(506):
Autonomic NS controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate
EYES
Pupils contract
Decreases
SALIVATION
Increases
Perspires
SKIN
Dries
Increases
RESPIRATION
Decreases
Accelerates
HEART
Slows
Inhibits
DIGESTION
Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decreases
secretion of
stress
hormones
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Arousal & Performance:
KNOW these! Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance:
For difficult
tasks:
Perform BEST
at lower
levels of
arousal
(stress)
For easy or
welllearned
tasks:
Perform BEST
at higher
levels of
arousal
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Emotion: “Lie Detectors”
p. 508-9
Polygraph: machine commonly used in attempts to
detect lies
 measures several of the physiological responses
accompanying emotion
1. perspiration
2. cardiovascular
3. breathing changes



Control question : Up to age 18, did you ever
physically harm anyone?
Relevant ? : Did [the deceased] threaten to
harm you in any way?
Relevant  Control  Lie
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Emotion--A Polygraph Exam (lie-detector):
Is really an “emotion detector!”
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
Control
question
Relevant
question
(a)
Control
question
Relevant
question
(b)
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Emotion--Lie Detectors
 50 Innocents
 50 Thieves
Percentage
80
70
 1/3 of innocent
declared guilty
 1/4 of guilty
declared
innocent
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
(from Kleinmuntz &
Szucko, 1984)
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Emotion--Lie Detectors p. 508-9
MAYBE should be called a “fear-detector” test?
Why?
Use in court? Since when? See “Aldrich Ames”
 Is 70% accuracy good?
 Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty
 test all employee…285 will be wrongly accused
 What about “95% accuracy”?
 Means if 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty...
 test all employees (1 guilt. + 999)
 50 wrongly declared guilty
 1 of 51 testing positive guilty (~2%)
--What do we see?
QUICK!!
Next slide!
Don’t talk!
 Just write down expressions YOU SEE!!!17
Liar, liar, brain’s on fire RECENT research: M. Gazzaniga:
An fMRI scan identified two brain areas that became especially active
when a participant lied about holding a five of clubs. Can we use
BRAIN SCANS to identify those lying..like terrorists??
 
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Expressed Emotion
Ppl detect an angry face faster than a happy one!
Gender & expressiveness
16
14
# of
expressions
Women
Men
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sad
Happy
Film Type
Scary
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Experienced vs. Expressed emotions
Expressed Emotion: “Expressions” (what we show)
 Culturally universal (aka cross-cultural) expressions:
Name each…
 P. 514: Which 2 are MOST universally interpreted?
 WHICH do teens often misinterpret?
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Expressed Emotion says these are the
ingredients of emotion
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Experienced Emotion:
What influences our conscious experience…
How emotions influence our situations
Infants’ naturally occurring emotions
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Display Rules,
Gestures, Emblems:
Body Language
Display Rules: Culturally
defined rules that specify
which emotions should or should
not be expressed under certain
circumstances: Bowing vs.
shaking hands
Showing anger : not done in some
collectivist societies (like
Japan—more likely to be
inhibited
Gestures : common body language
w/in a culture:
Ex’s: Clenched fist can indicate
anger …or solidarity
Thumbs up/down: often used as
gestures of
approval/disapproval
Emblems: body language that
substitutes for a word; can
sometimes be unconscious; also
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related to cultures: PEACE!
Experienced Emotion
 The Amygdala(aka amygdale)
A neural key to
fear-learning
-Fear poisons us…
-..is adaptive
-..is learned (little
Albert?)
-..is correlated w/
higher levels of
serotonin
(genetic)
WHAT happens w/
excessive stress
& emotion?? 
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Stress & the Heart: Personality Types
(from ch 14)
 “Type A Personality”
 Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive,
hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, &
anger-prone people
*Possible sub-category of “A”?? Some say
there’s a.. TYPE D: Newer term:
--gets very angry, is destructive emotionally
…road-rage, etc. (distressed, destructive)
-A special form of Type A
Type B
 Friedman & Rosenman’s term for easygoing,
relaxed people (“calm-water”)
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Stress & Illness
(from ch. 14)

The body’s resistance to stress can
last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stress
resistance
Stressor
occurs
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope w/
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
General
Adaptation
Syndrome
Selye’s idea
of the body’s
adaptive
response to
stress in
3 stages:
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion

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Experienced Emotion:
Anger & how it affects us
Happiness? + what influences happiness…
 Catharsis hypothesis:
 emotional release
 catharsis hypothesis
 “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or
fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
 (Good idea…….But…it doesn’t work!)
 Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: This does work!
 people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a
good mood
 ALSO…if you are NOT pushed for time, you are more
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likely to stop & help someone else in need
Stress and Disease:
Suppression of Immune system
 Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Heart
disease
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Release of stress
hormones
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervous
system effects
(headaches,
hypertension)
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Emotion:
Stress & Disease
Psycho-physiological Illness
 “mind-body” illness…EX: stress increases
hypertension (high BP), migraines,
 any stress-related physical illness
 some forms of hypertension (hi BP & some headaches
 Is NOT hypochondriasis (thinking you are sick all
the time)
 Lymphocytes: 2 types of white blood cells that
are part of the body’s immune system
 B lymphocytes form in the Bone marrow
- fight bacterial infections
 T lymphocytes form in the Thymus
- attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
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Experienced Emotion
 Subjective Well-Being
 self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with
life
 used along with measures of objective wellbeing
 ? = “Over-all, how satisfied are you with
your life?”
 physical and economic indicators to evaluate
people’s quality of life
Most ppl.—even those who lost ability to walk,
etc.– measure subjective well-being at 85% or
higher.
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Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
 tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral”
level: Hot? …from Minnesota  VA  CA ?
 What is “normal” depends on our situation, what
we are used to… p. 526, 1st paragraph
*amt. of lights or sound … or level of income
 defined by our prior experience (grass is greener?)
Relative Deprivation (being deprived)
 perception that one is worse off is relative to those
with whom one compares oneself
 Make a $million per year?? What if you are a proball player…would that seem as good? Why?
 Get more…then …compare to others…Why not
ME???
See cartoons, p. 526

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Experienced Emotion:
Mood changes w/ time of day…
B_____Rhythms?
 Moods across the day
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Experienced Emotion:
What we think about what brings us happiness
 Changing materialism: An American increasing
desire for wealth
 Which is more important? Money or a meaning in
life?
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 Values & life satisfaction: But which is most
important? Love or money?
 College students w/ highest life satisfaction
scores? (below)
0.6
Importance
scores
0.4
Money
Love
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Life satisfaction
6.00
7.00
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Experienced Emotion
Pleasure: Where in brain is this produced?
The nucleus accumbens, in connection w/ the
hypothalamus, produces our sense of pleasure—
sexual, but also happiness, joy, & satisfaction
Does money buy happiness?
See graph (524):
 What has happened to the Amer. buying power since
the ’50’s?
 What has happened to % of ppl saying they are “very
happy”?
 Research: If you get more $$, you do tend more to
happiness…temporarily…
Why? What happens??? 
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Happiness is... ??
(527)
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People DO Tend to…
But Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, like…
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Age
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Education levels
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Parenthood (having children or not)
Have a meaningful religious faith
Physical attractiveness
Sleep well and exercise
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As with
other psychological phenomena, researchers explore emotion
at biological, psychological, and social- cultural level
Levels of analysis for the study of emotion
BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL