DO NOW!

After taking your seat, take out your binder and turn to the Bellringer! Section Also, take out your agenda 2

BELLRINGER!

Turn to page 77 of your “History Alive! The United States” Textbook Write a paragraph describing the picture at the bottom half of the scene. Your paragraph should include the following: - The who, what, when, where, and why of the picture. - What do you believe is happening in the picture?

- What is the overall tone of the picture?

- What are some interesting details found in the picture?

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HOMEWORK

• • • Continue working on your Colonial Newspaper Projects Binder Check on Friday!

American Revolution Test on Tuesday, September 23!!

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RECAP

• • • When the governor of Massachusetts learned that the colonist were stockpiling weapons and gunpowder in Concord, he decided to attack Colonial spies heard of the British plans, sent three riders to warn Lexington and Concord the British were coming William Dawes, Samuel Prescott, and Paul Revere 5

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“SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD”

• • • • When the British arrived at Lexington, group of minutemen were there to stop them Suddenly, a shot was fired, and then each side began firing at each other Dubbed “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” because it was first shot of the war Colonists defeated at Lexington, British defeated at Concord, war begins!

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SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

• • • In May 1775, three weeks after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the colonists met again in Philadelphia for the Second Continental Congress All colonies eventually participated • • • • • • • Famous leaders in attendance: John and Samuel Adams Patrick Henry Richard Henry Lee George Washington Benjamin Franklin John Hancock Thomas Jefferson 8

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

• • • • • • • Achieved the following: Printed money Set up a post office Established better relations with Native Americans with treaties Created a continental army, and made George Washington leader of that army Sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III Elected John Hancock the president of the Second Continental Congress 9

• •

WHAT WAS THE OLIVE BRANCH PETITION…

The Olive Branch Petition was a document sent to King George III that asked the king to protect the colonists’ rights and informed him that the colonists did not want to have a war.

King George III refused to even read the petition 10

EARLY BATTLES…

• Fort Ticonderoga • A group of New Englanders, known as the Green Mountain Boys and led by Ethan Allan, decided to attack Fort Ticonderoga located in New York • The British were forced to surrender when they were caught off guard and the colonists gained cannons, ammunition, and other needed materials for their war effort!

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EARLY BATTLES…

• • • • • • • Bunker Hill The militia would set up forts at Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill, across from the Boston Harbor.

British soldiers marched up Bunker Hill to take control of the fort.

The colonial militia had a limited supply of ammunition. So…… William Prescott shouted “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes,” so that they would not waste ammunition.

The British won but they lost 1000 soldiers.

Once colonists heard of the battles, had to decide whether they were Loyalists or Patriots 12

COLONISTS TAKE THE OFFENCE TO CANADA!

• • • George Washington led a group of militia and captured Montreal.

Benedict Arnold led a failed American attack on Quebec. Later, Arnold would help the British and become an

American traitor.

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• •

DECLARING INDEPENDENCE!!

The Second Continental Congress chose a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence.

This committee included:  Thomas Jefferson (selected to write the Declaration)  John Adams  Roger Sherman  Robert Livingston  Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson a.k.a TJ 14

• •

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

It took Jefferson about 2 weeks to write the Declaration of Independence.

Congress approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.

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THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

• • John Hancock, president of the Congress, was the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Eventually 55 people would sign the Declaration of Independence.

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THE DECLARATION: SECTIONS

• The Declaration of Independence has 4 major sections.

 The preamble (introduction)  2 sections that include the colonists’ rights and complaints against King George III  The conclusion which states the colonies existence of a new nation 17

THE DECLARATION: WHAT IT STATES

• • The Declaration of Independence list 3 major freedoms of the citizens:  Right of life  Right of liberty  and the pursuit of happiness The Declaration of Independence also states that if Britain did not protect the basic freedoms of the citizens, the colonies had the right to alter or abolish (to end) the British gov’t and create their own!

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PEOPLE LEFT OUT…

• The Declaration of Independence excluded many colonists. While it declared that “all men are created equal,” the document did not mention the following groups: • Women • Enslaved Africans • Native Americans 19

TIME TO WORK ON PROJECTS!!!

DO NOW!!

Get out your binder and turn to the Bellringer section!!

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BELLRINGER!

You have grown up on a farm in South Carolina. You know every inch of the marshes and woods around your home. You are too young to join the Continental Army, but you have heard stories about a brave group of soldiers who carry out quick raids on the British, then disappear into the woods. These fighters get no pay and live in constant danger. Would you consider joining the fighters? Why or why not?

• • • Consider what you have to offer Consider what you might gain Consider the risks 23

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OPPOSING SIDES…

• British advantages:  Strongest navy in the world  Well-trained army  A lot of $$  Larger population • Colonial disdvantages  Lack of a regular army  Weak navy  Soldiers lacked military experience  Low weapons and ammunition  Not all Americans supported the war 25

AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE WAR

• • • Many African Americans were Loyalists Some African Americans fought on the British side b/c Lord Dunmore, announced if they did, they would be freed at the end of the war.

John Murray, 4 th Earl of Dunmore 26

HOWEVER…

• Colonial advantages during the war  Fighting on own soil  British hire soldiers who did not care who won the war.

 Had GW 27

RAISING AN ARMY

• • • Congress had a hard time raising an army Militia wanted to go home • Women even began to fight in the war Example: Deborah Sampson 28

AFRICAN AMERICANS FOR THE COLONISTS

• • • GW wanted African Americans to fight, asked Congress for permission Southern states against this; fear of slaves revolting Eventually, all states allowed African Americans to fight, except South Carolina 29

GW SEES MORE OPPORTUNITY

• • • • Normally, no fighting during winter months GW saw the British unprotected in Trenton Sent 2,400 troops + surprised British = colonial victory!

Battle of Trenton 30

ONTO THE BATTLE OF SARATOGA…

• • • After Trenton, British retreat to Saratoga British issues:  The Brits expected back up from the west and south to arrive; never did.

 The colonist would surround and trap Brits from the retreating.

 Having no food and wounded soldiers, the British surrendered.

Major turning point in war!

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AFTER SARATOGA

• • • Ben Franklin had been working of getting financial aid from French Saratoga helped convince France France openly declared war on Britain, sent troops, $$ and aid to America 32

DIFFICULT WINTER

• • GW and troops made camp at Valley Forge Suffered the following:  Lack of decent food  Lack of clothing  Lack of shelter  Troops left w/o permission  Officers resigned w/o warning.

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TROOPS SURVIVE WINTER

• • • Things start to improve Soldiers build huts, gather food and materials from countryside GW’s wife, Martha, even helped; made clothes, cared for troops 34

FOREIGN AID

• • • • • Marquis De Lafayette French nobleman Wanted to help colonists, join the fight Survived Valley Forge Convinced France to give more $$ and aid to American independence America still needed more $$$...

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FOREIGN AID CONTINUED

• • Spain!!

• • Bernardo de Galvez gathers small army of soldiers French Americans, colonists, Native Americans Took control of all British Forts from LA to FL 36

LIFE ON THE HOME FRONT

• • • Women had to take over duties of men who were fighting Betsy Ross – made first American flag for GW Abigail Adams (John Adams’ wife) urged husband to include women when declaring independence from Britain 37

OUT ON THE HIGH SEAS…

• • • Britain used navy to patrol and block American waterways, stop shipping of supplies and reinforcements Congress ordered construction of 13 new ships to fight problem American capts. destroy 4 ships to keep them from British navy, Brits capture and destroy the rest 38

AMERICAN PRIVATEERS

• • • Privately owned ships with weapons Captured more British ships than American navy John Paul Jones • Attacked British in ship,

Bonhomme Richard

, fought for over 3 hours • • Even though successful in attack, his ship still sank Became naval hero 39

EXIT TICKET!

State one advantage the British had and one advantage the Americans had during the American Revolution. 40

DO NOW!!

Get out your Colonial Newspapers, ready to turn in Get out your binder and turn to the Notes section!!

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BATTLE OF YORKTOWN!

• • • • In 1781, war was not going well for the Americans.

• Foreign aid had not ended war • British still held most of south • Benedict Arnold!

Regrouped under Nathaniel Greene, began harassing General Charles Cornwallis in the Carolinas Cornwallis moved 7,200 men to Yorktown, VA Big mistake!

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VICTORY IN YORKTOWN!

• • • • • GW ordered Marquis de Lafayette to block British escape by land GW led his own 2,500 troops, combined them with 4,000 French troops on swift march to VA Surrounded Cornwallis on all sides On October 19, 1781 Cornwallis surrenders, GW takes 8,000 British prisoners Last major battle of the American Revolution 45

TREATY OF PARIS

• • • • Lacking $$ for new army, British entered peace talks with Americans John Jay, John Adams, and Ben Franklin sent to Paris to negotiate 2 years to come to agreement Treaty of Paris 1783: • British recognized US as an independent nation • Set US borders • Accepted US right to settle land west of 13 colonies 46