Transcript The Background of an Electrocardiogram

The
Electrocardiogram
By Jessica, Zahid & Scott
What is Electrocardiography?
It is the method of monitoring and recording the
electric currents generated during alternating
contractions of the atria and ventricles of the heart
What is an EKG?
An
EKG is a device used that monitors and records
impulses or signals given off by the heart
To
trace these Signals electrodes are placed on your
body in areas where it is easiest to measure
The
most common of these places are your two wrists,
your right ankle and your chest
When
these results are recorded on the computer or
paper, doctors can determine their patients health
Waveforms
In the EKG, the paths of the
electrical impulses are followed
throughout the heart and then
broken down into three
waveforms
 The P wave runs through the atria
 The QRS complex runs through
both the atria and ventricle
 and the T wave which runs
through the ventricles

P wave, QRS complex and T wave
The
P wave is an atrial contraction
If
it is longer then .2 seconds,
it could indicate first degree heart blocks

The QRS complex is composed of the atrial relaxation and the
ventricle contraction
It
is usually 0.06 to 0.10 seconds long.
Any longer duration indicates an abnormal condition
The
T wave is the ventricular relaxation
When is an EKG used?
If
the hearts natural signal is interrupted, delayed or sent
down a wrong path disorders such as Angina, Palpitations,
& Syncope can occur
Therefore
an EKG can be used to detect beginning
symptoms of a heart problem yet it can not determine the
exact problem until other tests and other machines are
used
The Process of Making the EKG
1. Used Computer Program
(CAD)
2. Used Printed Circuit boards
3. Soldering
4. LabView Computer program
Basic Electronics
Elements used to create a circuit:
What is a Circuit?
 The
complete path between two or more electrical components
Electricity: Energy associated with charged particles
 Current: Flow of electricity (amperes)
 Voltage: Amount of electrical force to move the current through the
circuit (volts)
Basic Electronics (2)

Resistors: Opposes the flow of electricity and
takes away the electrical energy away from the
circuit, as heat. (Ohm is unit of resistance)

Printed Circuit Board: Connects all the electrical
components together

Integrated Circuit Chip (IC Chips): Specific circuit
that has been miniaturized to fit into a small
package.
-Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Basic Electronics (3)
Capacitors:


Unit of capacitance is the Farad (F)
Purpose of capacitors in the EKG is to act
like filters
Soldering Techniques

Soldering is done on the bottom layer of
the board
 Parts like the capacitors, resistors &
wires, all have to be soldered onto to the
circuit board
What is an Amplifier?
In a Speaker:

Amp in a speaker increases the sound wave
When referring to a EKG:

Purpose of a Amplifier is to see the voltage
difference across the heart

Increases the signal enough in the EKG so that we
can see it.
Inside an Amp
What Actually happens in the EKG?
Analog
Signal: Voltage that changes over
time
Deals with the two Inputs, (both of the
arms)
Differential Amplifier is the most
important part of EKG since they take the
difference between the two inputs and
multiply it by the gain
LabVIEW

A Graphical Computer Language which includes
symbols rather than writing out lines of
programming text


Based in a Graphical Programming Interface

Used LabVIEW to communicate with the EKG
Displays the EKG signal and calculates heart rate

It can communicate with several input/output
devices used commonly in the medical field
The Digital Logic System
•Based
on binary number coding:
The use of only ones and zeros
•Makes
use of devices which alter
information to reach desired outcomes;
known as “ands,” “ors,” and “nots”
Parts of the Digital System
Within a typical digital system, different parts
are placed along the circuit; one of these parts
is known as an “and.”
•Requires
the input of two ones in order to
produce an output of one, as its name infers
Parts of the Digital System
Another part of the digital logic system is the
“or,” which also adjusts information to the
preference of the user
•Similar
to the and by receiving a dual input
and bearing a single output
•As
it name implies, it will give an output of
one if it receives just a single one
Parts of the Digital System
A third part of the system is known as a
“not.”
•This
device simply inverts the input it
receives to the opposite number
•Can
be added on to ands and ors to make
“nands” and “nors”
Relation of the Digital Logic
System to the EKG
Digital logic technology is used in various
parts of the EKG, allowing it to function as
desired
•The
microprocessor of the EKG allows for
analog to digital conversion of the
electrocardiogram information
Additional Parts of the EKG
•The
isolator is a very crucial EKG part, as it
insures the safety of the patient
•This
electrical separation eliminates any
possibility for the patient of getting
electrocuted
Additional Parts of the EKG
•Another
part, the serial converter, functions by
amplifying the digital range produced by the
microprocessor
•Increases
•This
voltage range from (0 to 5)  (-10 to 10)
allows for the data to be read by the computer’s
serial port
We Would Like To Thank…
Dr. Enderle
Chris Liebler
James Hart
Naomi Thonakkaraparayil
Francisco Rodriguez
Randy Trumbower
Kevin O’Connor
Heather Spottiswoode
Joseph Renzulli
William Berkley
Desi Nesmith
Work Cited
www.findarticles.com
www.google.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.sln.fi.edu
DEMONSTRATION TIME