The Journey Of Adulthood, 6/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R

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Transcript The Journey Of Adulthood, 6/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R

The Journey Of Adulthood, 6/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund

Chapter 3 HEALTH AND HEALTH DISORDERS

Age-Related Patterns in Health and Disease

• Mortality Rates and Causes of Death • Morbidity Rates, Illness, and Disability

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Age-Related Patterns in Health and Disease

Mortality Rates and Causes of Death

• Mortality rate: probability of dying in any one year.

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Age-Related Patterns in Health and Disease

Morbidity Rates, Illness, and Disability

• Common Health Conditions: • Younger adults twice as likely as those over 65 to suffer from

acute illness.

•

Chronic illness

(e.g., heart disease) shows age-related increase.

•

Disability

is determined if illness interferes with daily functioning across:

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLS)

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Age-Related Patterns in Health and Disease

Morbidity Rates, Illness, and Disability

• Many housing alternatives exist with different levels of care:

Retirement communities Congregate living facilities Assisted- living facilities Skilled-nursing facilities Continuing-care retirement communities

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Age-Related Patterns in Health and Disease

Morbidity Rates, Illness, and Disability

• Self-Ratings of Health • Some validity… • Old Age and Disabilities in Context • All older adults DO NOT suffer from disease or disability.

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Specific Diseases

Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Alzheimer’s Disease Tobacco Use Overview of Aging and Physical Disease The Journey of Adulthood 6/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright

Specific Diseases

Cardiovascular Disease

•

Coronary Heart Disease

(CHD): •

Atherosclerosis

: coronary arteries slowly become blocked.

•

NOT

a normal part of aging.

•The number one killer of women in US.

•Note gender differences in heart attacks.

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Specific Diseases

Cancer

• Cancer is rapidly accelerated, uncontrolled cell division and is caused by a series of

mutations,

or genetic errors, at the cellular level.

• Second leading cause of death for adults in US.

• Lung cancer is leading cause of cancer death for both men and women.

• Incidence of cancer increases with age.

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Specific Diseases

Alzheimer’s Disease

• Alzheimer’s is a progressive, incurable deterioration of key areas of the brain.

• Truly a disease of old age (90% cases develop after age 65).

• Fourth leading cause of death and major type of dementia.

• New medications slow progress of Alzheimer’s.

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Specific Diseases

Alzheimer’s Disease (cont’d)

• Brain abnormalities caused by the mutation of some genes: 

Senile plaques

: small, circular deposits of a dense protein

betamyloid.



Neurofibrillary tangles

: webs of degenerating neurons.

• Early onset (10% of cases) linked to 3 genes. Cause of late-onset less clear.

• Alzheimer’s dementia is clearly distinct from normal aging.

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Specific Diseases

A Word About Tobacco Use

• #1 way to ensure a long and healthy life is not to smoke.

• Causes many different types of cancer.

• Smoking rates in the U.S. have gone down, but they have gone up in other countries.

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Specific Diseases

Overview of Aging and Physical Disease

•Although the risk of having some disease increases with age, no one of these specific diseases is an inevitable part of aging.

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Mental Health

Prevalence of mental disorders seems to be constant across age groups, although different disorders are predominant at different ages.

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Mental Health

Anxiety Disorders

• Major symptoms are feelings of fear and dread when no obvious danger is present.

• P

anic disorders:

sudden episodes of intense apprehension, shortness of breath, etc.

•

Phobias

: fears and avoidance out of proportion to the danger.

•

Generalized anxiety disorder

: chronic, persistent, and excessive worry.

•

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

: guilt and anxiety over certain thoughts.

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Mental Health

Anxiety Disorders (cont’d)

• A

goraphobia

: fear of leaving one’s home.

• ~ 20% of older adults suffer from an anxiety disorder.

• Rates of phobias increase with age.

• High rate of comorbidity between anxiety and depression.

• The

harm avoidance gene

has been linked to both anxiety and depression.

• This gene is thought to determine the effectiveness of

serotonin

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Mental Health

Mood Disorders - Depression

• Depression is a mood disorder typified by a long term pervasive sense of sadness and hopelessness. • Some difference in type of symptoms older adults report (e.g., more physical symptoms), but no difference in response to treatment.

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Age Changes in Mental Health

Suicide

• There is a clear increase in suicide with age. • Elderly white males are most likely to commit suicide.

• Predictors of suicide: • Depression • Living alone • Anxiety and other emotional problems • Medical problems, etc.

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Mental Health

Substance Abuse Disorders

• Dependence on drugs or alcohol.

• More common in men than in women.

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Mental Health

Impulse Control Disorders

• Affect a person’s judgment to control harmful impulses.

• May have ADHD or Oppositional Deviant Disorder.

• More prevalent in males than in females.

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Mental Health

Treatment of Mental Health Disorders

• Psychotherapy.

• Psychopharmacology – medication.

• Alternative providers.

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Individual Differences in Health

Gender Differences Socioeconomics, Race, and Ethnicity Personality and Behavior Patterns Genetics Developmental Origins The Road to Good Health The Journey of Adulthood 6/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright

Individual Differences in Health

Gender Differences

• Women die at older ages of basically same diseases as men.

• Women have more disability and more non-fatal chronic diseases.

• Women have a higher incidence of most psychological disorders.

• Men have higher rates of alcoholism, substance abuse and suicide.

• The differences in medical disorders (e.g., CHD) are both biological and social.

• More difficult to explain differences in emotional disorders.

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Individual Differences in Health

Socioeconomics, Race, and Ethnicity

• Chronic conditions and physical limitations show more rapid and extreme changes with age among poor adults.

• A substantial portion of social class differences in health can be accounted for by variations in health habits (e.g., smoking, poor nutrition, etc.).

• Ethnic differences exist in prevalence of various diseases.

•

Healthy immigrant effect

: those who come to the US from other countries tend to be in better health than those who were born here.

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Individual Differences in Health

Personality and Behavior Patterns

Type A: • Achievement-striving • Competitive • Feel extreme time urgency • Easily provoked to hostility.

• People who are type A are at greater risk for CHD.

• Direct and indirect links between type A behavior and the development of CHD.

Optimism: people with a positive outlook on life are less apt to suffer from serious physical illness and less likely to die prematurely.

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Individual Differences in Health and Disease

Personal Health Habits and Risk Behaviors

• Health habits play a major role in: • Rate of physical changes of aging.

• Degree of good health.

• How long one will live.

• Regardless of childhood experiences, those who follow basic health rules have a good chance of aging successfully.

•

Exercise

plays a large role in preventing disease and disability. However, majority of adults do not exercise sufficiently to acquire health benefits.

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Individual Differences in Health

Genetics

• Genotypes.

• May affect one’s response to treatments for disease.

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Individual Differences in Health

Developmental Origins

• Developmental origins hypothesis.

Early years – health effects later years • Intergenerational effects.

Our mother’s prenatal health

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Individual Differences in Health

The Road to Good Health

• Eat healthy.

• Get regular check ups.

• Exercise.

• Know your family health history.

• Get early and quality treatment.

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