Transcript 投影片 1 - Centre for Information Technology in

Citation, Referencing, Quoting
and
Avoiding Plagiarism
Introduced by Felix Siu
CITER’S 2004
Why should you reference?

Good academic essays and dissertations are the result
of a process of careful planning and drafting. They
have a set structure and use specific citation formats,
for example, in education the APA style is used.
 There are some basic strategies and tools that can be
used to reference and cite correctly other’s work. It is
important to practice quoting and avoid the “cut &
paste” mistake. This will help you to write a better
academic paper.
Academic Grammar Website
http://ec.hku.hk/acadgrammar/
The importance of referencing
· To show the source of information gathered
and direct the reader to further information
· To acknowledge someone else’s work; this is
important to avoid charges of plagiarism
and so that you can demonstrate the breadth
of your reading and the origins of your
ideas
· To provide support for your arguments
The importance of referencing

Without evidence, your ideas will lack credibility.
For example, decide which of the following
paragraphs you would accept more readily:
 Paragraph 1.
Study skills are increasingly used by higher
education institutions and are proving to be
popular amongst students. Some people think this
is due to increasing class numbers whilst others
feel that it is due to lower A level passes.
The importance of referencing

Paragraph 2.
Research suggests that the number of study skills
sessions that occur in higher education institutions have
increased significantly over the past five years (Malley,
1998). Avis (1997), reporting on a survey of student
attitudes to study skills sessions found that a significant
proportion found the sessions useful and interesting.
Rono (1997b) found that increased use of study skills
sessions emerged from a sharp rise in the number of
students enrolling every year. However, Watson (1995)
suggested that lower A level passes were responsible
for the development of study skills programmes in the
South East.
The importance of referencing

The second paragraph is clearly the more
authoritative because it cites authors whose
work may be consulted as evidence for the
point being made, rather than simply
referring, as in paragraph 1, to the views of
“some people” and “others”.
How Should You Reference

When referring to the work of other people,
there are two elements required:
– a citation in the text which acknowledges the
work and sets it within the context of your own
– a reference which gives full details of the work
in question
How Should You Reference

The most usual practice is to collect all of
the references together in a list at the end of
the paper and to link the text citations to the
references by means of :
– the use of author(s) names with dates (or page
numbers)
How Should You Reference

Look again at the second of the two paragraphs you
studied earlier:
– Research suggests that the number of study skills sessions
that occur in higher education institutions have increased
significantly over the past five years (Malley, 1998). Avis
(1997), reporting on a survey of student attitudes to study
skills sessions found that a significant proportion found the
sessions useful and interesting. Rono (1997b) found that
increased use of study skills sessions emerged from a sharp
rise in the number of students enrolling every year.
However, Watson (1995) suggested that lower A level
passes were responsible for the development of study skills
programmes in the South East.
References
Avis, J. (1997). “What’s this got to do with what I do!”
Contradictory views: students in further education.
Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 49 (1),
81-106.
Bluck, R. (1994). Information skills in academic
libraries: A teaching and learning role in higher
education. Birmingham: SEDA.
Malley, I. (1998). A survey of information skills teaching
in colleges of further and higher education. London:
British Library.
References
Rono, F. (1997a). Facing up to the future. Journal of
Higher Education, 23 (2), 12.
Rono, F. (1997b). A student’s view of the challenges and
limitations of problem based learning. Education for
Health, 10 (2), 199-204.
Sanyal, B. (1987). Higher education and employment.
London: Falmer.
Watson, R. (1995). Student enterprise: A forum for
building on transferable skills. In A. Assiter (Ed.),
Transferable skills in higher education (pp.46-53).
London: Kogan Page.
APA Style

The American Psychological Association has
established a style that it uses in all of the
books and journals that it publishes. Many
others working in the social and behavioral
sciences have adopted this style as their
standard as well.
 Visit the APA Publication Manual Web site:
http://www.apastyle.org/
APA Style
When editors or teachers ask you to write in “APA
style,” they are referring to the editorial style that
many of the social and behavioral sciences have
adopted to present written material in the field.
 Editorial style consists of rules or guidelines that a
publisher observes to ensure clear and consistent
presentation of written material.
 APA's style rules and guidelines are set out in a
reference book called The Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association.

APA Style

Editorial style concerns uniform use of such
elements as
– punctuation and abbreviations
– construction of tables
– selection of headings
– citation of references
– presentation of statistics
– as well as many other elements that are a part of every
manuscript
Citation of references

One work by one Author
– Walker (2000) compared reaction times …
– In a recent study of reaction times (Walker,
2000) …
– In 2000 Walker compared reaction times
– In a recent study of reaction times, Walker
(2000) described the method…. Walker also
found …
Citation of references

One work by Multiple Authors
– When a work has two authors, always cite both
names every time the reference occurs in text
– When a work has 3, 4, or 5 authors, cite all authors
the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent
citations, include only the surname of the first
author followed by et al. and the year if it is the
first citation of the reference within a paragraph:
Citation of references

John, Russell, Rock, Rosen, and Barrett
(1999) found … [Use as first citation in
text]
 John et al. (1999) found… [Use as
subsequent first citation per paragraph
thereafter.]
 John et al. found [Omit year from
subsequent first citation within a paragraph.
Citation of references

When a work has six or more authors
– Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et
al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
– Law et al. (2000)
– Law, N., Yuen, H.K., Ki, W.W., Li, S.C., Lee, Y. & Chow,
Y. (2000). (Eds.) Changing Classrooms & Changing
Schools: A Study of Good Practices in Using ICT in Hong
Kong Schools. Hong Kong: Centre for IT in School and
Teacher Education, The University of Hong Kong.
Citation of references

Groups as Authors
– (e.g. corporations, associations. Government
agencies, and study groups)
– The names of some group authors are spelled out
in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter.
– First text citation:

(Education and Manpower Bureau [EMB], 2003)
– Subsequent text citations:
 (EMB, 2003)
Reference list

Internet articles based on a print source
– VandenBos, G., Kanpp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of
reference elements in the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of
Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

Article in an Internet-only journal
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive
emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention &
Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2003,
from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre00030001a.ht
ml
Reference list
World Wide Web page
Beckleheimer, J. (1994). How do you cite URL's in a
bibliography? Retrieved December 13, 1995, from
http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html.
World Wide Web page (no author)
Educating America for the 21st century: Developing a
strategic plan for educational leadership for Columbia
University-1993-2000 (Initial workshop draft). (1994).
Retrieved May 16, 1995, from
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/EdPlan.html.
Reference list
World Wide Web page (no publication date)
Prizker, T. J. (n.d.). An early fragment from central
Nepal. Retrieved December 12, 1996, from
http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritker/pritzker.html
.
World Wide Web Homepage
Curtin University of Technology Homepage. (1999,
February 9). Retrieved February 11, 1999, from
http://www.curtin.edu.au.
Test Your Skills - APA Style
Look at the sheet provided
Are these references correct?
Check the box  and correct format if incorrect with
your partner
Answers - Reference list
BOOKS
Taylor, R. (1980). The Computer in School: Tutor, tool, and tutee. NY:
Teachers College Press
 Koskoff, V. D., & Goldhurst, R. (1968). The dark side of the house. New
York: Dial Press.
BOOK CHAPTER
Chen,V.
V.&&Hung,
Hung,D.
D.Learning
(2003). theories
Learningand
theories
and IT in Instruction.
Chen,
IT in Instruction.
In S. C.
In S.&C.
& A.
Wong,
(Eds.), and
Teaching
andwith
Learning
with Theory
Tan
A.Tan
Wong,
(Eds.),
Teaching
Learning
Technology:
Technology:
Theory and
Practice
114-120).
New York: Harper
and
Practice. Pearson,
Harper
Row,(pp.
2003,
pp. 114-120.
Row.
Piaget, J. (1970). The stages of the intellectual development of the child.
In P.H. Mussen, J.J. Congor & J. Kagan (Eds.), Readings in child
development and personality (pp. 291-302). New York: Harper & Row.
Answers - Reference list

JOURNALS
  Steve
Chin. (1994).
The integration
Chin,
S. (1994).
The integration
of of
instructional technology in Hong Kong
instructional
technology
in
Hong
Kong
education. CUHK Educational Journal, 22(2),
education.
321-330. CUHK Educational Journal, 22 (2),
321-330.




Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor
activity centres. Journal of Adventure Education
and Outdoor Leadership, 12(4), 8-9.
Test Your Skills - APA Style
http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/cill/referenceMachine.htm
What is Plagiarism?
http://www.hku.hk/plagiarism/page2s.htm
Quotations

Material directly quoted from another
author’s work or from one’s own previously
published work
 (Short quotations < 40 words)
– She stated, “The placebo effect disappeared
when behaviors were studied in this manner”
(Miele, 1993, p. 27), but she did not clarify
which behaviors were studied.
Quotations

(Long quotations > 40 words)
– indent the block about ½ in form the left margin.
Storytelling is an important technique in the process of
learning and understanding. Individuals gain a better
understanding of one another through the use of
concrete examples rather than through vague
abstractions and generalizations which have no
relationship to life’s experiences, since the sharing of
experiences through the device of storytelling enables
individuals to build the bridge of understanding
between one another (Abrahamson, 1998, p. 441).
Plagiarism and how to avoid it
http://ec.hku.hk/plagiarism/
Test Your Skills
http://ec.hku.hk/plagiarism/Source_A.htm
Final Comments

Plan, draft and write your work carefully
 Have a colleague proof read for you
 Follow APA formatting style for citations
and referencing, and use
 Integrity, Creativity and Originality1
1 University of Hong Kong. (2002, p19). What is Plagiarism?