Transcript Journey Across Time

Greek Civilization
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Culture of
Ancient Greece
Section 2 Greek Philosophy
and History
Section 3 Alexander the Great
Section 4 The Spread of
Greek Culture
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
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the corresponding slides.
Greek Civilization
Chapter Objectives
• Describe important Greek
developments in the arts.
• Discuss Greek achievements in history,
politics, biology, and logic.
• Summarize how Alexander the Great
created an empire.
• Describe how Hellenistic kingdoms
became centers of learning and culture.
Greek Civilization
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section discusses the culture of the
ancient Greeks as expressed in their
religion, literature, and art.
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The Greeks believed that gods and
goddesses controlled nature and
shaped their lives.
• Greek poetry and fables taught Greek
values.
• Greek drama still shapes entertainment
today.
• Greek art and architecture expressed
Greek ideas of beauty and harmony.
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Mount Olympus (uh·LIHM·puhs)
• Delphi (DEHL·FY)
Meeting People
• Homer (HOH·muhr)
• Aesop (EE·SAHP)
• Sophocles (SAH·fuh·KLEEZ)
• Euripides (yu·RIH·puh·DEEZ)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• myth (MIHTH)
• oracle (AWR·uh·kuhl)
• epic (EH·pihk)
• fable (FAY·buhl)
• drama (DRAH·muh)
• tragedy (TRA·juh·dee)
• comedy (KAH·muh·dee)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Compare and Contrast Create a Venn
diagram like the one on page 154 of your
textbook, showing similarities and
differences between an epic and a fable.
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Mythology
• The Greeks believed in many gods and
goddesses.
• They thought these deities affected
people’s lives and shaped events.
• The Greeks believed the 12 most
important gods lived on Mount Olympus,
the highest mountain in Greece.
• Greek myths were stories about gods
and heroes.
(pages 155–156)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Mythology (cont.)
• In these stories, gods had special
powers but looked and acted like
humans.
• The Greeks followed rituals to win the
gods’ favor.
• They hoped that the gods would grant
good fortune to them in return.
• The Greeks believed in prophecy, or
predictions about the future.
(pages 155–156)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Mythology (cont.)
• Many Greeks visited an
oracle to receive a
prophecy.
• An oracle was a sacred
shrine where a priest or
priestess spoke for a
god or goddess.
• The most famous oracle
was at the Temple of
Apollo at Delphi.
(pages 155–156)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
How did the Greeks believe their
gods and goddesses were like
humans?
Greek gods and goddesses
married, had children, played tricks
on each other, quarreled, and fought
wars.
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Poetry and Fables
• Greek poems and stories are the oldest
in the Western world and serve as
models for European and American
poems and stories.
• An epic is a long poem about heroic
deeds.
• The first great epics were the Iliad and
the Odyssey, written by a poet named
Homer.
(pages 157–158)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Poetry and Fables (cont.)
• The Iliad is about a battle for the city of
Troy.
• The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus,
a Greek hero.
• Greeks believed these two epics were
real history.
(pages 157–158)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Poetry and Fables (cont.)
• A slave named Aesop
wrote many fables.
• A fable is a short tale
that teaches a lesson.
• Fables were
passed from
person to person
by oral tradition.
(pages 157–158)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Why were the heroes of Homer’s
epics considered role models?
The heroes in Homer’s stories had
courage and honor. They worked to
be the best they could be, and they
fought to protect their honor.
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Drama
• Drama is a story
told by actors who
pretend to be
characters in the
story.
• The Greeks used
drama as part of
their religious
festivals.
• The Greeks developed
two types of drama—
tragedies and comedies.
(pages 160–161)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Drama (cont.)
• A tragedy is the story of a person who
tries to overcome difficulties but fails.
• A comedy is a story with a happy
ending.
• Aeschylus was a writer who wrote a
group of three plays called Oresteia.
• These plays teach that evil acts cause
more evil and suffering.
(pages 160–161)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Drama (cont.)
• The Writer Sophocles wrote the plays
Oedipus and Antigone.
• Euripides wrote plays about real-life
people instead of gods.
• Aristophanes wrote comedies that
made fun of leading politicians and
scholars.
(pages 160–161)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
How are plays of today similar to
those of ancient Greece?
Actors in plays of today like those of
ancient Greece wear costumes.
Music and dance also occur in
many of today’s plays, as they did in
Greek plays.
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Art and Architecture
• Greek artists believed in the ideas of
reason, balance, harmony, and
moderation and tried to show these
ideas in their work.
• Although Greek murals have not
survived, examples of Greek paintings
still exist on decorated pottery.
• The most important architecture in
Greece was the temple dedicated to a
god or goddess.
(pages 162–163)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Art and Architecture (cont.)
• The most
famous
temple is
the
Parthenon.
• Greek
architecture
included
columns,
which were
first made
from wood.
(pages 162–163)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
Greek Art and Architecture (cont.)
• Later, the Greeks began using marble.
• Many of today’s churches and
government buildings have columns.
• Greek sculpture expressed Greek ideas.
(pages 162–163)
The Culture of Ancient
Greece
What elements of Greek
architecture are present in your
school or in buildings in your
community?
Answers will vary, but should
include symmetry and proportion
between building parts, the use of
columns, pediments, pedestals, or
materials such as marble or tiles.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
How and why did the Greeks honor
their gods?
They honored their gods with rituals,
festivals, and temples, so the gods
would grant good fortune.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
What values did the epic poems
of Homer teach Greeks?
courage, honor, loyalty, and the
value of the husband-wife
relationship
The Culture of Ancient Greece
Contrast How do Greek
tragedies and comedies differ?
Tragedy: person fails to overcome
difficulties because of fate or
personal flaws;
Comedy: happy endings
The Culture of Ancient Greece
Evaluate Do you think the themes
of Euripides’ plays would be popular
today?
Answers will vary.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
Make Generalizations Why did
Greek artists include the ideas of
reason, moderation, balance, and
harmony in their work?
Artists hoped viewers would be
inspired by the art.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
Expository Writing Greek literature
tells us what the Greeks thought was
important. Choose a modern book,
movie, or television show. Write a
paragraph to explain what it would
tell others about our society.
Answers will vary.
The Culture of Ancient Greece
List the three most important ways the
ancient Greeks have influenced our
culture. Give reasons for your choices.
Greek Philosophy and History
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes Greek
contributions to the study of philosophy
and the writing of history.
Greek Philosophy and History
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Greek philosophers developed ideas that
are still used today.
• Greeks wrote the first real histories in
Western civilization.
Greek Philosophy and History
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Pythagoras (puh·THA·guh·ruhs)
• Socrates (SAH·kruh·TEEZ)
• Plato (PLAY·TOH)
• Aristotle (AR·uh·STAH·tuhl)
• Herodotus (hir·RAH·duh·tuhs)
• Thucydides (thoo·SIH·duh·DEEZ)
Greek Philosophy and History
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• philosophy (fuh·LAH·suh·fee)
• philosopher (fuh·LAH·suh·fuhr)
• Sophist (SAH·fihst)
• Socratic method (suh·KRA·tihk)
Greek Philosophy and History
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information Use diagrams
like the one on page 168 of your textbook
to show the basic philosophies of
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Greek Philosophy and History
Greek Philosophers
• The word philosophy comes from the
Greek word for “love of wisdom.”
• Greek thinkers, called
philosophers,
believed the human
mind could
understand
everything.
(pages 169–171)
Greek Philosophy and History
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher
who taught that the universe followed
the same laws that governed music and
numbers.
• He developed many ideas about
mathematics.
• Sophists were professional teachers who
traveled from city to city, teaching others.
• They did not believe that gods and
goddesses influenced people. (pages 169–171)
Greek Philosophy and History
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• They also did not believe in absolute
right or wrong.
• Socrates was a philosopher who
believed that an absolute truth existed
and that all real knowledge was within
each person.
• Leaders did not trust Socrates, and
accused him of teaching young
Athenians to rebel.
(pages 169–171)
Greek Philosophy and History
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Socrates was tried and sentenced to
death.
• The Socratic method is a form of
teaching that uses questions to lead
students to discover things for
themselves.
• Plato was one of Socrates’ best students.
• In his book the Republic, Plato
described the ideal government.
(pages 169–171)
Greek Philosophy and History
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• At the top were rulers and philosophers,
in the middle were warriors, and at the
bottom were all others.
• Aristotle was one of Plato’s students.
• He opened his own school called the
Lyceum.
• Aristotle helped advance science and
government.
(pages 169–171)
Greek Philosophy and History
Greek Philosophers (cont.)
• Many of his ideas shaped the way
European and American founders
thought about government.
• The “golden mean,” one of Aristotle’s
ideas, states that a person should do
nothing to excess.
(pages 169–171)
Greek Philosophy and History
What did Aristotle think about
democracy?
Aristotle noticed that most
democracies were run by the poor,
and those run by a few people were
run by the rich. Aristotle thought the
best government would be run by
the rich and the poor.
Greek Philosophy and History
Greek Historians
• Many historians consider Herodotus the
“father of history” because he wrote the
history of the Persian Wars.
• The Greek Thucydides is considered
the greatest historian of the ancient
world.
• He wrote History of the Peloponnesian
War.
(page 173)
Greek Philosophy and History
Why is Herodotus important?
He was the first person to try to
explain the past by studying events.
Greek Philosophy and History
Who were the Sophists and what
were their beliefs?
The Sophists were traveling
teachers. They rejected the idea of
absolute right and wrong.
Greek Philosophy and History
Before Herodotus, how did Greeks
explain the past?
The Greeks explained the past
through legends and myths.
Greek Philosophy and History
Science Link How are Aristotle’s
teachings related to the scientific
method used by scientists today?
Both use senses to make
observations.
Greek Philosophy and History
Contrast What is different about the
works of Herodotus and
Thucydides?
Herodotus included gods and
goddesses to describe some events.
Thucydides examined history as the
activities of humans, not gods.
Greek Philosophy and History
Summarize Describe Aristotle’s
contributions to government.
He examined different forms of
government and concluded mixed
was the best.
Greek Philosophy and History
Persuasive Writing Do you agree
with Plato’s vision of the ideal state
in the Republic? Write an editorial
expressing your viewpoint.
Answers will vary.
Greek Philosophy and History
Discuss the Athenians’ treatment of
Socrates.
Alexander the Great
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section discusses Alexander the
Great, his wide-reaching empire, and how
his conquest spread Hellenism
throughout southwest Asia.
Alexander the Great
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Phillip II of Macedonia united the Greek
states.
• Alexander the Great conquered the
Persian Empire and spread Greek
culture throughout southwest Asia.
Alexander the Great
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Macedonia (MA·suh·DOH·nee·uh)
• Chaeronea (KEHR·uh·NEE·uh)
• Syria (SIHR·ee·uh)
• Alexandria (A·lihg·ZAN·dree·uh)
Meeting People
• Philip II
• Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• legacy (LEH·guh·see)
• Hellenistic Era (HEH·luh·NIHS·tihk)
Reading Strategy
Sequencing Create a diagram like the
one on page 174 of your textbook to track
the achievements of Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great
Macedonia Attacks Greece
• Macedonia was a powerful kingdom that
lay north of Greece.
• Philip II needed to unite Greece with
Macedonia to defeat the Persian
Empire.
• After training a vast army, Philip began
taking over the Greek city-states.
(pages 175–176)
Alexander the Great
Macedonia Attacks Greece (cont.)
• A lawyer named Demosthenes tried to
warn the Athenians about Philip, but it
was too late.
• The Macedonians defeated the Greeks
at the Battle of Chaeronea.
• After this battle, Philip controlled all of
Greece.
(pages 175–176)
Alexander the Great
What led to the Athenians’ defeat?
The Greek city-states had been
weakened in the Peloponnesian War,
and their population had declined.
Many farms had been destroyed
during the war, and young people had
no way to earn a living, so they had
left Greece to join the Persian Army.
Alexander the Great
Alexander Builds an Empire
• Alexander the Great became king of
Macedonia after his father, Philip, died.
• Alexander began his conquest of the
Persian Empire in 334 B.C. with the
Battle of Granicus.
• Alexander’s forces destroyed the
Persian forces.
• A year later, Alexander defeated the
Persian army at Issus and freed the
Greek cities in Asia Minor.
(pages 176–179)
Alexander the Great
Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• He then captured Syria and Egypt.
• Alexander built the city of Alexandria as
the center of business.
• It became one of the most important
cities in the ancient world.
• Alexander continued his conquest of the
Persian Empire by fighting in modern
Pakistan, India, and Iran.
(pages 176–179)
Alexander the Great
Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• In 323 B.C., Alexander planned to invade
southern Arabia, but he became ill and
died.
• A legacy is what a person leaves
behind when he or she dies.
• Alexander’s legacy is his skill and
daring.
• Alexander’s conquests marked the
beginning of the Hellenistic Era.
(pages 176–179)
Alexander the Great
Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
The lighthouse of
Alexandria was
one of the
Seven Wonders
of the Ancient
World. A fire in
its tall tower
guided ships into
harbor.
(pages 176–179)
Alexander the Great
Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• This was a time when Greek language
and ideas spread to non Greek areas of
southwest Asia.
• After Alexander’s death, his generals
fought for power, and Alexander’s
empire ended.
• Four kingdoms emerged in its place.
• Government business in the four
kingdoms was conducted in the Greek
language.
(pages 176–179)
Alexander the Great
Alexander Builds an Empire (cont.)
• People who did not speak Greek could
not hold government jobs.
• This helped the Greeks maintain control.
• New cities were created in the Hellenistic
Era, and these cities needed architects,
engineers, and philosophers.
• The rulers of the four kingdoms sent
Greek colonists to southwest Asia to help
build the cities. In this way, Greek culture
spread.
(pages 176–179)
Alexander the Great
How did Alexander show his
courage?
Alexander rode into battle ahead of
his men, and he often risked his
own life. He once refused water
because there was not enough for
all of his soldiers to have a drink.
Alexander the Great
How did Philip II of Macedonia feel
about the Greeks?
He admired everything about the
Greeks, including their art, ideas, and
military.
Alexander the Great
What ended Alexander’s conquest of
India?
His troops grew tired of fighting and
refused to go farther.
Alexander the Great
Analyze Why was Alexander a good
leader?
His bravery inspired his troops.
Alexander the Great
Predict How might history have
been different if Alexander had lived
longer?
Alexander might have conquered
more territory and created a lasting
empire.
Alexander the Great
Geography Skills How many
continents did Alexander’s empire
reach?
three: Europe, Africa, and Asia
Alexander the Great
Name current or recent figures who
might also merit the title “the Great.”
Why?
The Spread of Greek Culture
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the spread of
Hellenistic culture in the wake of
Alexander’s empire and the achievements
of many great philosophers, writers, and
scientists.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Hellenistic cities became centers of
learning and culture.
• Epicurus and Zeno showed the world
different ways to look at happiness.
• Hellenistic scientists made major
discoveries in math and astronomy.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Rhodes (ROHDZ)
• Syracuse (SIHR·uh·KYOOS)
Meeting People
• Theocritus (thee·AH·kruh·tuhs)
• Aristarchus (AR·uh·STAHR·kuhs)
• Eratosthenes (EHR·uh·TAHS·thuh·NEEZ)
• Euclid (YOO·kluhd)
The Spread of Greek Culture
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Archimedes (AHR·kuh·MEE·deez)
Building Your Vocabulary
• Epicureanism
(EH·pih·kyu·REE·uh·NIH·zuhm)
• Stoicism (STOH·uh·SIH·zuhm)
• astronomer (uh·STRAH·nuh·muhr)
• plane geometry (jee·AH·muh·tree)
• solid geometry (jee·AH·muh·tree)
The Spread of Greek Culture
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Create a
diagram like the one on page 182 of your
textbook, to show the major Greek
contributions to Western civilization.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Greek Culture Spreads
• Philosophers, poets, scientists, and
writers moved to the new Greek cities in
southwest Asia, particularly Alexandria,
during the Hellenistic Era .
• Hellenistic kings wanted to make their
cities like those in Greece, so they hired
Greek architects and sculptors.
• The writers of the Hellenistic Era
produced a large body of literature.
(page 183)
The Spread of Greek Culture
Greek Culture Spreads (cont.)
• Appolonius wrote the epic poem
Argonautica, recounting the legend of
Jason and his band of heroes.
• Theocritus wrote short poems about
beauty and nature.
• Athenians still created plays, but the
plays of the Hellenistic Era were about
love and relationships.
(page 183)
The Spread of Greek Culture
Why were the cities of southwest
Asia lands of opportunity for
artisans, scientists, philosophers,
and writers?
The rulers of these cities wanted
them to be like the cultural centers
of Greece. To achieve that goal, the
rulers needed the services of
artisans, scientists, philosophers,
and writers.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Philosophy
• Epicurus, the founder of Epicureanism,
taught that happiness was the goal of
life.
• Stoicism was developed by a
Phoenician named Zeno.
• This philosophy believes that happiness
comes from reason, not emotions.
(page 184)
The Spread of Greek Culture
How does our definition of
epicurean today differ from the
Hellenistic Era definition?
Today the word means love of
physical pleasure. In the Hellenistic
Era, the word meant pleasure from
spending time with friends and not
worrying.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Greek Science and Math
• Astronomers study the stars, planets,
and other heavenly bodies.
• Aristarchus was an astronomer who
claimed that the sun was at the center of
the universe and that Earth revolved
around the sun.
• Eratosthenes was an astronomer who
believed that the earth was round and
measured Earth’s circumference.
(pages 185–186)
The Spread of Greek Culture
Greek Science and Math (cont.)
• Euclid, one of the most famous Greek
mathematicians, described plane
geometry.
• Plane geometry is the
study of points, lines,
angles, and surfaces.
• Archimedes was the
most famous scientist of
the Hellenistic Era.
(pages 185–186)
The Spread of Greek Culture
Greek Science and Math (cont.)
• He worked on solid geometry—the study
of spheres and cylinders.
• He also determined the value of pi, a
number used to measure the area of
circles.
• Archimedes invented the catapult,
among other weapons.
(pages 185–186)
The Spread of Greek Culture
What did other astronomers believe
about Aristarchus’ idea that the sun
was at the center of the universe?
Other scientists thought Aristarchus
was wrong. They believed Earth
was the center of the universe.
They thought the sun revolved
around Earth.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Why did the city of Alexandria attract
scholars?
Alexandria had a large library and
museum.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Describe the form of philosophy
developed by Zeno.
He developed Stoicism, which states
happiness comes from following
reason and duty is important.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Compare and Contrast How were
the comedies of the Hellenistic Era
and those of Greece’s Golden Age
similar and different?
Similar: made people laugh;
Different: focused on love and
relationships, not criticizing people in
power
The Spread of Greek Culture
Analyze How would knowledge of
geometry be helpful to the Greeks?
It helped them to construct buildings
and bridges, determine distances,
and design machines.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Identify What did the Epicureans
believe about happiness?
They believed that happiness is the
goal of life.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Discuss how the world might be different
if the Hellenistic era had never occurred.
Greek Civilization
Section 1: The Culture of Ancient Greece
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The Greeks believed that gods and
goddesses controlled nature and shaped
their lives.
• Greek poetry and fables taught Greek
values.
• Greek drama still shapes entertainment
today.
• Greek art and architecture expressed
Greek ideas of beauty and harmony.
Greek Civilization
Section 2: Greek Philosophy and History
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Greek philosophers developed ideas that
are still used today.
• Greeks wrote the first real histories in
Western civilization.
Greek Civilization
Section 3: Alexander the Great
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Philip II of Macedonia untied the Greek
states.
• Alexander the Great conquered the
Persian Empire and spread Greek
culture throughout southwest Asia.
Greek Civilization
Section 4: The Spread of Greek Culture
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Hellenistic cities became centers of
learning and culture.
• Epicurus and Zeno showed the world
different ways to look at happiness.
• Hellenistic scientists made major
discoveries in math and astronomy.
Greek Civilization
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each
sentence.
B 1. a short tale that
__
teaches a lesson
C 2. traditional story
__
about gods and
heroes
__
A 3. long poems told
about heroic deeds
A. epic
B. fable
C. myth
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The Culture of Ancient Greece
What did the Greeks believe about
their gods and goddesses?
They believed the gods controlled
nature and shaped the lives of
humans.
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The Culture of Ancient Greece
What did Greek art and architecture
express?
The Greek ideas of beauty and
harmony.
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Greek Philosophy and History
How long did the ideas of Greek
philosophers last?
They are still used today.
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Greek Philosophy and History
Why are Greek historians so
important?
They wrote the first real histories in
Western civilization.
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 Alexander the Great
Which leader united the Greek
states?
Philip II of Macedonia
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 Alexander the Great
What are two main
accomplishments of Alexander the
Great?
He conquered the Persian Empire
and spread Greek culture
throughout southwest Asia.
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 The Spread of Greek Culture
Why were Hellenistic cities
important?
They became centers of learning
and culture.
Greek Civilization
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 The Spread of Greek Culture
In what fields did Hellenistic
scientists make advances?
mathematics and astronomy
Greek Civilization
Understanding Cause and Effect
How did the Peloponnesian War
weaken the Greek states?
The war divided them and
destroyed many farms and lives.
Population declined, and many
youths went to fight for Persia.
Those who stayed fought among
themselves.
Greek Civilization
Analyze Why would knowing the
circumference of Earth have been
helpful to the Greeks?
Possible answers: it would have
been helpful in planning land and
sea voyages, making maps, and
other travel-related tasks.
Greek Civilization
Compare How was religion in
ancient Greece similar to religion in
ancient Egypt?
Possible answers: both groups
believed in many gods and
goddesses, life after death, and
the use of rituals and priests to
seek the gods’ favor.
Greek Civilization
Analyze Why do you think the
development of written history is
important?
Answers will vary.
Explore online information about the
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Maps
Alexander’s Empire 323 B.C.
Hellenistic World 241 B.C.
Charts
Greek Gods and Goddesses
Greek Philosophers
Greek Scientists and Their Contributions
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Click the map to view an interactive version.
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The Culture of Ancient Greece
The mountain range of Mount Olympus was
declared Greece’s first national park in 1937. The
area is home to about 1,700 plant species, dense
forests, and various wildlife.
Greek Philosophy and History
Aristotle’s father probably taught Aristotle about
medicine. Aristotle’s father died when Aristotle was
10 years old. If his father had lived longer, Aristotle
might have been a doctor.
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great’s parents hired Aristotle to be
his personal tutor. Aristotle trained Alexander in
literature, science, medicine, and philosophy.
The Spread of Greek Culture
Archimedes, who is regarded as one of the
greatest mathematicians of all time, was probably
related to Heron II, the king of Syracuse.
Archimedes’ father, Phidias, was an astronomer.
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
Using Context Clues
When you have trouble understanding the words in
a passage, it is very difficult to get the author’s
message. You many know part of a word’s
definition or even how to pronounce it, but you still
may not understand its full meaning.
Look at the word inspiration in the paragraph on
the next slide. Use the highlighted words to help
you understand its meaning.
Reading Social Studies
Look at
phrases
around the
word to find
clues to its
meaning.
The key to Alexander’s
In this
courage may have been paragraph,
his childhood education. the word
Alexander kept a copy of inspiration
means
the Iliad under his pillow. something
Most likely his inspiration that
was Homer’s warrior-hero influences
or has an
Achilles. In the end,
effect on
Alexander’s reputation
outstripped even Achilles’, someone.
and today he is called
Alexander the Great.
—from page 177
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
What Does It Mean?
Read the paragraph about Aesop from Chapter 5
on page 153 of your textbook.
• Write down all the words or phrases that help
you fully understand the meaning of the word
fable.
Greek Civilization
Introduction
The Culture of Ancient Greece
Greek Philosophy and History
Alexander the Great
The Spread of Greek Culture
Demosthenes’ Warning
The Poetry of Theocritus
Science and Inventions
Greek Medicine
The ancient Greeks believed that their gods had the power to cure
them of illnesses and injuries. Greek temples were places of healing
as well as places of worship. In temples, priests treated patients
with herbs, prayed, and made sacrifices to the gods as part of the
healing process. In the 400s B.C., the practice of medicine began to
change. Hippocrates, a doctor and pioneer of medical science,
began to separate medicine from religion. He stressed that it was
important to examine the body and look at a
patient’s symptoms to find out why
someone was ill. He also taught that it was
important to have a healthy diet.
Hippocrates is well known for the oath, or
pledge, that he asked his medical students
to recite. His students had to promise never
to harm and always to care for their patients.
New doctors still take a version of the
Hippocratic Oath when they graduate from medical school.
Connecting the Past
1. How were illnesses and injuries treated
before Hippocrates?
Priests in the temples treated patients with herbs and
offered prayers and sacrifice.
2. How did Hippocrates change the way
medicine was practiced in ancient Greece?
He separated religion from medicine and stressed
examining the body to diagnose illness.
Homer c. 750 B.C.
Plato and Aristotle
Plato c 428–347 B.C.
Aristotle 384–322 B.C.
Chapter 5
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