Transcript Titel van de presentatie - ATIA-ISWA

Landfill solutions in the
Netherlands
History and strategy
of Dutch landfill
minimization
Erik de Baedts
NVRD Managing Director
MWE President
ISWA Board Member
Royal Dutch Solid Waste Association
October 2009 © NVRD
Contents
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Landfill in the Netherlands: historic overview
Towards landfill minimization
Organizational, regulatory and financial measures
Avoiding practices
Contemporary situation
Future perspectives
Royal Dutch Solid Waste Association
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Members:
– Municipalities (190 members)
– Public waste management companies, mainly local and regional
(127 members = almost 100%)
=> covering over 90% of all Dutch Municipalities and over 95% population
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– Other waste management organisations, 152 members, national network
Represents the (public) waste management sector
Aims from a public perspective:
– Pro-active policy development and serving of interests
– Knowledge centre for waste management
– Network for professionalization of waste management activities
– Enhancing the image of the waste management sector
with its dynamics, innovation and societal interest
European activities
International activities
: Municipal Waste Europe, active member
: ISWA, active member for long
Historic overview
Landfilling and incineration in the Netherlands 1985-2007
(million tons)
18
16
14
12
10
tons
8
6
4
2
0
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
Million
Landfilling
Incineration
CBS/Senternovem
Development of waste treatment in NL
70
Discharge: 1%
60
Landfill: 4%
Incineration: 12%
50
Million
40
tons
30
Recovery: 83%
20
10
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Historic overview (II)
• Before 1970: every municipality operated their own landfill site
• VAM: Large national landfill capacity in Wijster (Drenthe)
• Late 1960’s: environmental awareness; raise of green policies;
Stricter requirements for emissions to soil
• From 1970-1990: municipal cooperation
• At the same time increasing focus on environmental protection
• Introduction of a waste hierarchy or ‘Ladder van Lansink’ (1979)
Waste hierarchy
Ad Lansink
Historic overview (III)
• 1979: introduction of the Waste Law: household waste was to be
treated in own province.
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Directive: waste reduction and separation
Led to search for new ways of waste processing
Ending contracts with the Wijster landfill site not renewed
Result: decreasing landfill through 1980’s
• Halfway the 1980’s: no more waste import to Drenthe
• 1990-2000: increase of incineration capacity; aftercare obligation;
waste amounts to landfill reduced considerably
• 1980’s: 200 landfill sites  2000: 25 landfill sites in operation
• By the beginning of the 1990’s: Capacity of waste incineration plants
not fully used: landfilling was still cheaper
• Hence: national regulation needed!
Organizational measures
• AOO (from 1990): Alliance for organized waste policy
– Cooperation between all levels of government,
waste companies and environmental organizations
– Concrete policy framework
– Monitoring and evaluation of waste management
programmes
• Environmental Management Act (1993)
– Adoption of waste hierarchy
– Separate collection of organic household waste compulsory
Organizational measures (II)
• LAP (National waste management plan) since 2003
– Integration of hazardous and non-hazardous waste policies
– Consists of three parts:
• Policy framework with policy headlines for waste
prevention and management
• 34 sector plans for specific waste categories
• Two capacity plans for incineration and landfill
• Municipalities had time to develop cooperation and
invest in human resources and expertise
Weighbridge and
registration
Inspection
Landfill gas extraction
Leachate treatment plant
Regulatory measures
• Landfill ban by law (1995): no more municipal waste to landfill
• Residues permitted to landfill
• Problems:
– Broad interpretation of residues
– Ban as long as incineration plants have capacity
Processing costs (per 1000 kg, taxes not included)
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Landfilling
Composting
Digestate
Incineration
Recycling
€ 20
€ 20
€ 30
€ 60-130
€ 80
 down to….
 market value secondary product
Financial measures
• Landfill taxes (1995)
• As a part of a ‘green’ policy
initially not so much as a solution for the landfill issue
• Differentiated: Higher tax for non-ignitable and reusable waste
• Problems:
– Non-reuseable waste cheaper: waste ‘re-labelling’ to reduce costs
– From 2001: export to Germany (tax free landfilling);
(mainly business waste)
Effects of landfill taxes (1995)
Avoiding practices
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Broad interpretation of the from landfill ban excepted residues
Export to countries with no landfill ban
Re-labelling of waste: ‘clean’ streams became residues, mixing
Intentional waste pollution  lower landfill taxes
Container overload to create the illusion of a higher weight density
(hazardous waste is heavier and could still be landfilled..)
• Strong inspection and maintenance regime required…
Landfilling and incineration in the Netherlands 1985-2007
(million tons)
Waste separation initiatives
18
16
14
12
Environmental Management Act
Landfill ban and taxes
German landfill ban
Waste export
10
8
6
4
2
Increasing incineration capacity
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
0
Landfilling
Incineration
Contemporary situation
• German landfill-ban since 2005
• Differentiated landfill fees:
– High tax: ignitable and recyclable waste
– Low tax: non-ignitable and not recyclable, inert waste
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Vast amount of new incineration plants were built
Overcapacity incineration
From regional to national responsibility; centralization (Welschen)
Earning capacity of landfill sites at stake: Public utility
Conclusions
• Power & success of Dutch waste management policy:
– Consultation and orientation between all authorities
– Combination of financial and regulatory instruments
• Authorities kept control over start (collection) and end
(landfill) of the waste management chain.
• Authorities had a good grip on realisation of policy
targets for municipal solid waste.
Future perspectives
• Avoid pitfalls; tackle avoiding practices:
“It takes a thief to catch a thief”
• Towards recycling, reuse and prevention
• Invest in waste separation for recycling and tackle overcapacity
in incineration in NL. Import of Italian waste?!
• Clear and integral organization and policy structures
(like AOO and LAP) of vital importance
to tackle future waste management issues
Future development: sustainable landfill
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No unacceptable emission during and after operation
Solve environmental problems with own generation
Achieve a stable situation after completion
End aftercare when that situation is reached
www.sustainablelandfillfoundation.eu
• Transform landfills into recycling centres
Future
Present
Past
Textile
Aluminium Electronics X/Y/Z
Design
Resources
Carpet
Production/
Fashion
Sector
Design
Design
Ecodesign
Resources
Producers
Responsibility?
Production
Reimbursement
schemes?
Industry
Retail
Marketing
Consumption
Consumption
Instruments
Positive
triggers?
Consumption
- Knowledge
Waste Management
- Sorting (treatment)
- Logistics
2009 © NVRD