Transcript Microwave Heating - Product and Instruction Development Issues

Eco-Labelling & Carbon Footprinting:
A UK Perspective
Alan Campbell
Campden BRI
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A New Name
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Campden BRI
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Campden BRI - Chipping Campden
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Campden BRI
Campden BRI - What is our Role ?
To provide
Centre of scientific and technical excellence
For the benefits of
Our clients
By having
A sound research and development base with the ability
to advise, train and serve the food, drink, catering and
associated industries
So as to ensure
Product safety, improved product quality and efficiency
and stimulate product, package and process innovation.
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Over 85 years experience working with the food
chain (est. 1919)
Annual Sales Turnover c. £ 12.5 m
Staff c. 300 (+ 30 in Hungary)
Members c. 1600 companies worldwide
Independent and non-profit distributing
Largest in the world
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PAS 2050
PAS 2050:2008. ‘Specification for the assessment of the life cycle
greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services’
•
PAS 2050 explains how to assess GHG emissions of an individual product,
either a physical good or a service, across its entire life cycle:
– from raw materials through all stages of production (or service provision),
distribution, use and disposal
•
Developed in partnership by BSI, The Carbon Trust and Defra in the
UK, with significant input from other stakeholders
•
The method was tested across a diverse set of sectors and product types
•
PAS 2050 final version published October 2008
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Types of data
Two types of data are necessary to calculate a
carbon footprint:
•
Activity data refers to all the quantities involved in the
product’s life cycle (material inputs and outputs; energy
used; transport; etc.)
•
Emission factors provide the link that converts these
quantities into the resulting GHG emissions:
 For electricity: e.g. in CO2e per kWh
 For fuel: e.g. in CO2e per litre of fuel used
 ...
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Data sources
Data can come from either primary or secondary sources:
•
Primary activity data refers to data measured internally or
by someone else in the supply chain
 PAS 2050 states that primary activity data must be used for
all processes and materials which your organisation owns,
operates or controls
•
Secondary data comes from sources other than direct
measurement (LCA databases, industry reports, etc.)
 Where primary data is not available (e.g. for some raw
materials), secondary data may be used
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Calculation
The basic equation for product carbon footprinting is the sum of all
material inputs and outputs multiplied by their emission factors,
across all activities in the product’s life cycle:
Lifecycle step 1:
Lifecycle step 2:
AD1
AD2
x
x
...
EF1
EF1
=
=
Overall product life cycle carbon footprint:
CF1
CF1
CF
AD: activity data, measured in mass, volume, energy, etc.
EF: emission factor, measured in CO2e per unit of mass, volume, ...
CF: carbon footprint, measured in CO2e per product unit
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Uncertainty
• Sources of uncertainty:
 Missing data for parts of the supply chain
 Data of questionable quality: not specific, not reliable, ...
If the goal is to certify and communicate the product footprint to
customers, then it will require more precise calculations than simply
using the footprint data internally to improve processes.
• Reducing uncertainty:
 Replace secondary/reference data with good quality primary
activity data
 Improve the model used to calculate the carbon footprint to
make it more representative of reality
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Example:
The carbon
footprint of a
bottle of ale
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The process map
Consumer Use
Disposal
Packaging
Raw Materials
Distribution/
Retail
Manufacture
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Summary & Hotspots
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Summary & Hotspots
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Total Packaging
= 24%
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Apple Juice (Own Farm)
Materials
CF per PU
kgCO2/PU
Apples
0.195
Glass bottle
0.235
Plastic cap
0.013
Paper label/adhesive 0.001
Plastic cap wrap
0.001
Cardboard boxes
0.049
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Percentage
39%
47%
Total
Packaging
60%
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Reliance on secondary data:
1 litre homemade apple juice
0.25
Mass of CO2 (kg CO2e/PU)
0.20
Importance of
secondary data
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Storage
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Preparation
Washing up
Waste disposal
Total
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Chilled cottage pie footprint
High value 400g chilled cottage pie
25 ingredients
36 unit operations
Many co-products
Absolute data remains confidential to company and
Defra
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Beef cottage pie product unit
(PU) composition
Weight (g)
Cottage pie mixture
400
Aluminium tray
27.2
Carton box
7.7
Total
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434.9
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Breakdown of the GHG contributions
to 400g beef cottage pie ready meal
Packaging
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Allocation for co-products:
500g pre-packed cheese
Packaging
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Carbon Footprint
Still in early stages
Limited number of products available
Tesco – 4
Walkers Crisps
Other companies still developing
information
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Tesco
Other products
include
• Low energy light
bulbs
• Laundry Detergents
• Potatoes
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Post launch findings.
Initial customer survey on labelling had positive findings.
85% thinking about the impact of products they buy on the
environment
68% of respondents now correctly understood the term ‘Carbon
Footprint’
32% also understood the concept of product lifecycle.
Only 2% claimed they had ‘no idea’
20% recognition of label
54% claim that they would buy products with a lower carbon footprint
if they were widely labelled
A further 38% said they would if they were as cheap/convenient
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Walkers – Cheese & Onion
Grow/Harvest
Processing
Packaging
Transport
Disposal (pack)
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= 44%
= 30%
= 15%
= 9%
= 2%
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Consumer Awareness
•
•
•
•
Too many different logos on packs
Are they important (to me)?
Industry responsible for education
Other studies
– When alerted consumer has high understanding
– When publicity stops?
– Is price a factor?
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Results of DEFRA Survey Headline Findings (across projects)
• Consumer understanding is low and assumptions do
not match reality
• ‘If this is serious’ - Consumers expect Government
and Business to be acting
• Behaviour goals –
 People are motivated by local scale and personal
benefits
 People are unlikely to take on anything that will
impact their everyday lifestyle
• Buying ‘better products’ is acceptable and people
are interested in knowing they’re better
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Results of DEFRA Survey –
Headline Findings from Food Research
Any voluntary shift towards pro-environmental behaviour on
consumers’ side must be met with visible action from business and
government
•
A premium is placed on leadership in this area
•
Businesses are seen as the lynch-pin for change
•
Consumers are seeking leadership and guidance from
Government
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Results of DEFRA Survey –
Headline Findings from Food Research
• Business is a lynchpin for change
 Consumers believe supermarkets and food
manufacturers have a central role to play in creating
change
• Across all segments consumers are looking for business to:
 Self regulate to ensure sustainable practices
 Enable better choices for consumers
 Implement sustainable practices during production
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Carbon Neutral Beer
Uses offsetting to produce
a Carbon Neutral Product
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Mature Logo
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Same Message – But Different
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Multiple Recycling Information
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Logo Overload?
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Conventional vs Bio/Compostable
Conventional
Bio/Compostable
•
Non-renewable
resource
• Natural renewable
product
•
Absorbs carbon
• Carbon neutral (?)
• End of life – biomass
& water
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Packaging
The contribution by packaging materials to the
carbon footprint of the product is often
overstated
The whole production process must be fully
understood before a true value can be obtained
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Thank you
Alan Campbell
Campden BRI
+44 1386 842081
[email protected]
www.campden.co.uk
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