Transcript FF Safety/PPE - evfd

FF Safety/PPE
Module II
Introduction
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• Fire fighter survival is the primary
objective.
• Survival depends on making the right
decisions and performing the right actions.
• Learn to recognize dangerous situations
and to take appropriate actions.
Risk-Benefit Analysis (1 of 7)
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• Approach to emergency operations can
limit the risk of fire fighter deaths and
injuries.
• Based upon comparing the positive results
that can be achieved with the probability
and severity of potential negative
consequences
Risk-Benefit Analysis (2 of 7)
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• Practiced at several different levels
– IC
• Responsible for the high-level risk-benefit analysis
• Assesses the risks and benefits before committing
crews to an interior attack
• Reassess the risks and benefits during the
operation
Risk-Benefit Analysis (3 of 7)
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• Company officer
– Processes risk and benefits to ensure the
safety of a group of fire fighters
– Involved in continuous risk analysis
• Fire fighter
– Makes a risk-benefit analysis from his or her
perspective
Risk-Benefit Analysis (4 of 7)
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• Philosophy
– We will not risk our lives at all for persons or
property that are already lost.
– We will accept a limited level risk, under
measured and controlled conditions, to save
property of value.
– We will accept a higher level of risk only
where there is a reasonable and realistic
possibility of saving lives.
Risk-Benefit Analysis (5 of 7)
• Do not risk fire fighters’
lives by entering a
burning building if:
– Unoccupied
– Occupants could not
survive
– No property of value can
be saved
– Property has no value
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Risk-Benefit Analysis (6 of 7)
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• If there is a reasonable possibility that
property can be saved, but no lives are at
stake, fire fighters can be committed to an
interior attack.
– Combination of PPE, training, and SOPs
designed to allow fire fighters to work safely
– No property is worth the life of a fire fighter.
Risk-Benefit Analysis (7 of 7)
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• Only permissible to risk fire fighter’s life
when there is a real possibility of saving a
life
– Actions must be conducted in as safe a
manner as possible.
– Determination that risk is acceptable does not
justify taking unsafe actions.
Hazard Indicators (1 of 4)
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• Fire fighters must be capable of working
safely in a hazardous environment.
• Danger of firefighting should never be
thought of as routine.
– Learn to routinely follow safe SOPs.
Hazard Indicators (2 of 4)
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• Recognize many different types of hazards
and act appropriately.
• Example of a common hazard is the
presence of smoke inside a structure.
• Proper response to the hazard is to wear
SCBA.
• Obvious hazard is recognized and a
standard solution is applied.
Hazard Indicators (3 of 4)
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• Many hazards easy to recognize
– Smoke
• Other hazards require further study and
experience.
– Building construction
– Weather conditions
– Occupancy
Hazard Indicators (4 of 4)
• Building construction
– Predict fire behavior and
collapse potential
• Weather conditions
– Can create hazards
• Occupancy
– A warning placard
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Safe Operating Procedures
• Define how operations are conducted.
• Many based on fire fighter health and
safety
• Consistently follow safe operating
procedures.
– Must be learned and practiced
– When under pressure, people will revert to
habits.
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Team Integrity (1 of 2)
• Teamwork is
essential.
• Standard team is a
company.
• Standard company is
3-5 fire fighters and a
company officer.
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Team Integrity (2 of 2)
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• Team integrity means that a company
arrives at a fire together, works together,
and leaves together.
• Always use a buddy system.
– Follow the two-in/two-out rule.
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Personnel Accountability System
• Systematic method (1
to of 3)
track everyone’s
location and function
• Responsibility of the
IC
• Track from arrival to
release
• Track each member
of a company
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Personnel Accountability System
(2 of 3)
• Can take many forms
– Written roster or computer database
• List of assigned company members is
carried on each piece of apparatus.
– Tags for all members are affixed to a special
board called a passport carried in the cab.
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Personnel Accountability System
(3 of 3)
• Passport given to command post or at
point of entry
• Picked up upon exiting
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Personnel Accountability Report
• Personnel accountability report (PAR)
– Roll call taken by each supervisor
– Company officer verifies presence of members.
– Occurs every 10 minutes, tactical benchmarks, and
after unusual events
• Any time a fire fighter cannot be accounted for,
he or she is considered missing until proven
otherwise.
Emergency Communication
• Breakdown is a major
cause of deaths and
injuries to fire fighters.
• Ensure message is
stated clearly.
• Repeat message
back as confirmation.
2)
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(1 of
Emergency Communication
2)
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(2 of
• Reserved phrases, sounds, and signals for
emergency messages should be a part of
your department’s SOPs.
• Phrases should be known and practiced
by everyone in the department.
• In many areas, these procedures are
coordinated regionally.
Mayday
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• Used if a fire fighter is in danger
– A fire fighter can call Mayday to request help.
– Another fire fighter can use to report team
member missing or in trouble.
• Mayday takes precedence over all other
radio communications.
Emergency Traffic
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• Used to indicate imminent fire ground
hazard
– Potential explosion or structural collapse
• Used to order fire fighters to immediately
withdraw from interior
• Takes precedence over all other radio
communications
– Except Mayday
Special Tones
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• Communications centers can emit a
special tone over the radio to alert all
members.
– Information is repeated to be certain it is
heard correctly by all.
• All imminent hazards and emergency
instructions should capture the attention of
everyone at the incident scene.
Initiating a Mayday (1 of 2)
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• Analysis shows that fire fighters often wait
until it’s too late to call for help.
• Failure to act promptly can be fatal in
many situations.
• Do not hesitate to call for help when you
think you need it.
Initiating a Mayday (2 of 2)
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• Transmit Mayday-Mayday-Mayday over
radio.
• Clearly state:
– Name
– Nature of problem
– Location
• Activate PASS.
• Activate emergency button on radio
Rapid Intervention Crew
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(1 of 3)
• Established solely to rescue fire fighters
• Stands by fully dressed and equipped
• An extension of the two-in/two-out rule
– Minimum of two fire fighters is required to
establish an entry team.
– Minimum of two additional fire fighters is
required to remain outside the hazardous
area.
Rapid Intervention Crew
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(2 of 3)
• Outside fire fighters can perform other
duties.
• Must be ready to assist at all times
• The two fire fighters who remain outside
are the first stage of RIC.
• The dedicated RIC team is the second
stage.
Rapid Intervention Crew
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(3 of 3)
• RIC should be in place when fire fighters are
operating in IDLH conditions.
• IC should immediately deploy the RIC to any
situation where a fire fighter needs immediate
assistance.
– Lost or missing fire fighter
– Injured fire fighter who has to be removed from a
hazardous location
– A trapped fire fighter
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Fire Fighter Survival Procedures
• Your personal safety could depend on
learning, practicing, and consistently
following fire fighter survival procedures.
Maintaining Orientation
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(1 of 3)
• Very easy to become disoriented in a dark,
smoke-filled building
• Extremely important to stay oriented
• If you get lost, you could run out of air.
Maintaining Orientation
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(2 of 3)
• Several methods can be used to stay
oriented inside a smoke-filled building.
– Before entering, look at building from the
outside to get an idea of the size, shape,
arrangement, and number of stories.
– After entering, follow walls and pay attention
to where you go.
– Always stay in contact with a hose line.
Maintaining Orientation
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(3 of 3)
• Team integrity is an important factor in
maintaining orientation.
– Everyone works together to stay oriented.
– When team members cannot see each other,
stay in direct physical contact or within verbal
contact.
Guideline
• A rope attached to an object on the
exterior or a known fixed location
• Used for orientation when inside a
structure
• Stretched out as a crew enters the
structure
• Guideline technique requires intense
practice.
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Self-Rescue (1 of 5)
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• Immediately call for assistance.
• Do not wait.
• Initiate the process as soon as you think
you are in trouble.
Self-Rescue (2 of 5)
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• If you are simply separated from your
crew:
– Follow a hose line back to an open doorway.
– Descend a ladder.
– Climb out through a ground floor window.
– Notify IC that you are safe.
Self-Rescue (3 of 5)
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• There are complicated techniques that fire
fighters can use to escape from dangerous
predicaments.
• Include some standard methods:
– Breaching a wall
– Using a rescue line and harness to rappel
down to the ground
Self-Rescue (4 of 5)
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• Disentanglement
– Important skill that needs to be learned and
practiced
– Many fire fighters carry small tools to cut
through wires or small cables.
– Can be very difficult if visibility does not allow
the entangling material to be seen and
identified
Self-Rescue (5 of 5)
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• Some self-rescue methods involve using tools
and equipment in manners for which they were
not designed.
• These are considered last resort methods.
• Should only be taught by instructors and
practiced with strict safety measures in place
• Very controversial
Safe Havens (1 of 3)
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• Temporary location that provides refuge while
awaiting rescue or finding a method of selfrescue
• Safety is relative—less dangerous than the
alternative
• Important when situations become critical
• Know where to look for and how to recognize
one.
Safe Havens (2 of 3)
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• A room with a door and a window could be
a safe haven.
• Safe haven provides time for rescue team
to reach fire fighters.
• A roof or floor collapse often leaves a void
adjacent to an exterior wall.
• Maintaining team integrity is important.
Safe Havens (3 of 3)
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• These activities require good instruction
and practice.
• Follow your department’s operating
guidelines.
Air Management (1 of 5)
• Air equals time.
• Time in a hazardous atmosphere must
include entry and exit time.
• Time rating on an SCBA is for low
exertion.
– Often a 30-minute supply is used in 10-12
minutes.
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Air Management (2 of 5)
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• Rate of consumption varies among fire
fighters.
– Also depends on activities being performed
– Air management is a team effort as well as an
individual effort.
– Team member who uses the air supply most
rapidly determines the working time for the
team.
Air Management (3 of 5)
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• Determine your personal air usage rate by
participating in an SCBA consumption
exercise .
• Knowing team members’ physical
conditions and workload can help keep
them safe.
– Team member could use up his of her air
supply much faster without realizing it.
Air Management (4 of 5)
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• Be aware of the SCBA limitations.
– Do not enter a hazardous area unless your air
cylinder is full.
– Know your air supply.
– Do not wait until the low-pressure alarm
sounds to start thinking about leaving the
hazardous area.
Air Management (5 of 5)
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• Emergency situations can occur.
– SCBA can malfunction.
– Fire fighters can be trapped.
– Remain calm.
– Know how to use all of the SCBA emergency
features.
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Rescuing a Downed Fire Fighter
(1 of 4)
• One of the most critical and demanding
situations
• Air management has to be considered for
the rescuers as well as the fire fighter who
is in trouble.
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Rescuing a Downed Fire Fighter
(2 of 4)
• Assess the fire fighter’s condition.
– Is the fire fighter conscious and breathing?
– Does the fire fighter have a pulse?
– Is the fire fighter trapped or injured?
• Make a rapid assessment.
• Notify IC of your situation and location.
• Have the RIC deployed to your location.
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Rescuing a Downed Fire Fighter
(3 of 4)
• Can the fire fighter be moved quickly and
easily?
• Air supply will be an important
consideration.
• A fire fighter who is breathing and has an
adequate air supply is not in immediate,
life-threatening danger.
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Rescuing a Downed Fire Fighter
(4 of 4)
• If there is very little air or no air in the
SCBA, this is a critical priority.
• Move the fire fighter out of the hazardous
area immediately or provide an additional
air supply.
• Many newer SCBA units are designed with
an additional hose or hose connections for
buddy breathing.
Rehabilitation (1 of 3)
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• Reduces the effects of fatigue during an
emergency operation
– Firefighting involves very demanding physical
labor.
– Can challenge fire fighters when combined
with the extremes of weather and the mental
stresses
Rehabilitation (2 of 3)
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• Helps fire fighters retain ability to perform
and restores capacity to work
• At small incidents, can be set up on
tailboard with a water cooler
• At larger incidents, complete operation
established
– Personnel monitor vital signs and provide first
aid.
Rehabilitation (3 of 3)
• Rehabilitation is
integral to fire fighter
safety and survival.
• Personnel
accountability system
must continue to track
fire fighters who report
to and are released
from rehabilitation.
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Critical Incident Stress (1 of 5)
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• Critical incidents challenge the capacity of
individuals to deal with stress.
• Examples of critical incidents include:
– Line-of-duty deaths (police, fire/rescue, EMS)
– Suicide of a colleague
– Serious injury to a colleague
Critical Incident Stress (2 of 5)
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• Situations that involve a high level of personal
risk
• Events in which the victim is known
• Multicasualty/disaster/terrorism incidents
• Events involving death or life-threatening
injury/illness
• Events that are prolonged or end with a negative
or unexpected outcome
Critical Incident Stress (3 of 5)
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• Normal coping mechanisms help many fire
fighters.
– Exercise
– Talking to family and friends
– Religious beliefs
Critical Incident Stress (4 of 5)
• Sometimes fire fighters react to critical
incidents negatively.
– Alcohol abuse
– Depression
– Inability to function normally
– Negative attitude towards life and work
• Symptoms can occur in anyone.
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Critical Incident Stress (5 of 5)
• A routine incident can trigger negative
reactions from a past incident.
• Critical incident stress can also be
cumulative.
• Sometimes it is called burnout.
– Cannot be traced to any one incident
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•
Critical Incident Stress
Management
(1
of
7)
Designed to prevent reactions from having
a negative impact on the fire fighter’s work
and life
• Understand CISM and how to access it.
• Important part of fire fighter survival
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•
Critical Incident Stress
of fire
7) fighters
EmotionalManagement
reaction experienced(2by
can include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Anxiety
Denial/disbelief
Frustration/anger
Inability to function logically
Remorse
Grief
Reconciliation/acceptance
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•
Critical Incident Stress
Management
(3
of
7)
Stages occur within minutes, hours, days,
or even months.
• Not all steps will occur and will not always
occur in order.
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•
Critical Incident Stress
Management
(4 ofand
7) deal with
CISM helps
fire fighters recognize
these reactions in the most positive manner
possible.
• There are some variations in the way this is
accomplished.
• In-house, peer-driven programs guided and
assisted by mental health care professionals are
a proven method for CISM.
•
Critical Incident Stress
Management
(5 of 7)
Most CISM
programs
operate in a similar
manner.
– First, there is an
informal process
where a trained CISM
team member will
have a conversation
with an individual.
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•
Critical Incident Stress
Management
(6 of 7)
If an incident
requires further intervention,
a
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series of steps might follow.
– Range from a semi-formal group discussion of the
incident to the inclusion of health care professionals
– Most common form of CISM is peer defusing.
– Purpose of a debriefing is to allow an open discussion
of feelings, fears, and reactions to the situation that
occurred.
•
Critical Incident Stress
Management
(7 ofor
7)an
A debriefing
is not an investigation
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interrogation.
– Usually held within 24 to 72 hours after a major
incident
– Leaders offer suggestions and information on
overcoming stress.
• Fire fighters should realize that emotional and
mental health must be protected, just as much
as physical health and safety.
Summary (1 of 2)
• Risk-benefit analysis
• Hazard indicators
• Safe operating procedures
–
–
–
–
–
–
Fire fighter survival procedures
Team integrity
Personnel accountability system
Emergency Communications
Mayday
RIC
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Summary (2 of 2)
• Fire fighter survival procedures
– Safe havens
• Air management
• Rehabilitation
• Critical incident stress management
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