Transcript Ch. 25: World War 1 Era

World War 1 Era
American History
CHA3U1
Introduction
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WW 1 began August 1914 in Europe, but the
USA remained neutral until April 1917 when it
declared war against Germany
American entry helped defeat Germany by
November 1918
President Wilson’s peace settlement was
rejected by the Senate
Sec.1: Prelude to War (pgs. 684 688)
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Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy  hoped to lead the
world by moral example (unselfishness vs.
nationalistic self-interest)
Political Unrest in Mexico  General Victoriano
Huerta seized power but Pres. Wilson refused
to recognize his gov’t
Wilson Intervenes  Wilson sent marines to
take the Mexican port city of Veracruz in 1914
President Wilson (1913 – 1921)
Sec.1: Prelude to War
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Negative world reaction to Wilson’s move
forces him to allow Argentina, Brazil & Chile to
mediate the dispute
Despite mediation tensions continue as
Pancho Villa leads Mexican guerilla raids into
New Mexico and Pres. Wilson sends 6000
troops into Mexico to capture him
In the Caribbean  purchased Virgin I. &
marines sent to Nicaragua, Haiti, Dom. Rep.
Pancho Villa (Mexican Rebel)
Sec.1: Prelude to War
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War in Europe  after 50 years of peace war
Setting the Stage for War  nationalism &
militarism
Alliances  Triple Alliance (Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy) vs. Triple Entente (France,
Russia, Britain)
War Begins  June 1914 Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian
Sec.1: Prelude to War
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War Begins  alliance system brings many
European countries into conflict between
Austria and Serbia
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (France, Russia,
Britain, Italy)
United States Neutrality  Atlantic Ocean
separates USA from Europe
Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance
Sec.1: Prelude to War
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Taking Sides  8 million German Americans
and many Irish Americans supported Germans,
but most Americans supported France & Britain
Both Sides Strain Neutrality  British
blockaded Central Powers & Germans used Uboats
Americans lend $4 billion to Allies
Sec.1: Prelude to War
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Sussex Pledge  in 1915 German U-boat
sinks British passenger liner Lusitania with 128
Americans dying and in March 1916 French
ship Sussex sunk injuring Americans
Germans agree to sink no more merchant
ships without warning
Sec. 2: America Enters the War
(pgs. 690 - 695)
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“Peace Without Victory”  Pres. Wilson tries to
get warring nations to negotiate a peace
settlement in Dec. 1916 that would not lead to
future wars of vengeance
Submarine Warfare Resumes  1917
Germany hurt by British naval blockade
resume U-boat attacks on merchant ships
Sec. 2: America Enters the War
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Drawn Into War  German foreign minister
Zimmermann cable to German ambassador in
Mexico promises Texas, Arizona, New Mexico
March 12 – 19, 1917 four American merchant
ships sunk  April 2 Wilson asks Congress to
declare war on Germany
Status of the Allies  Germany (Central
Powers) on the brink of victory after Russia
defeated
Sec. 2: America Enters the War
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Raising an Army  spring 1917 American
forces only 200,000 men, 1,500 machine guns,
55 obsolete planes
The Draft  2,000,000 American soldiers
reached France before the war ended
African Americans  200,000 served overseas
but segregated and not allowed to be Marines
Sec. 2: America Enters the War
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Victory on Land & Sea  American troops
stopped Germans June 1918 at ChateauThierry 50 miles from Paris
September 1918 “doughboys” won at St. Mihiel
and then Sedan
American navy effectively neutralized U-boats
with mines in the North Sea and depth charges
November 11, 1918 armistice signed
Trench Warfare
Sec. 3: War on the Home Front
(pgs. 696 – 700)
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Mobilizing the Economy  efficiency, control,
and conformity
Organizing Industries  most industries placed
under the control of federal agencies
Agencies headed by America’s business
leaders  United States a single factory
Involvement of Women  women filled jobs
left vacant by men fighting overseas
Sec. 3: War on the Home Front
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Involvement of African Americans  500,000
moved from South to North for good factory
jobs and in Europe treated better than USA
Impact of War on Civilians  “food will win the
war, don’t waste it”  victory gardens
Cost of the War  $33 billion  raised taxes
for $10 billion and the rest from Liberty Bonds
Propaganda
Sec. 3: War on the Home Front
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Controlling Public Opinion  needed to
voluntary civilian population
Selling the War to Americans  propaganda
led to intolerance
Control of War Protesters  Espionage and
Sedition acts passed causing thousands to be
imprisoned and media to be censored or
banned
Sec. 3: War on the Home Front
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Persecution of Germans  German language
banned at schools and music of Beethoven,
Schubert and Wagner stopped
Wilson’s Fourteen Points  based on “the
principle of justice to all peoples” wanted to
end militarism, secret agreements
Sec. 4: After the War (pgs. 701 –
706)
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The Peace Plan Opposed  Pres. Wilson a
Democrat faced a hostile Republican Congress
Peace Conference  dominated by US,
France, Britain
Wilson’s League of Nations accepted by
Europeans but not by Republicans at home
Treaty of Versailles  a victor’s peace
Sec. 4: After the War
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Difficulty at Home  Pres. Wilson traveled
8000 miles in less than a month across USA to
gain support for Treaty of Versailles, but just as
he was gaining support had a stroke
Treaty of Versailles never ratified
America’s Postwar Problems  Demobilization
caused a difficult economic adjustment for
farmers, businesses and consumers
Sec. 4: After the War
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Labour Unrest  3600 strikes in 1919 most
meeting with little success  inflation led many
workers to demand higher wages  gov’t
frequently used force to put down strikes
Red Scare  600 suspected Communists
deported without trials
Racial Tension  between African & white
Americans  Chicago 40 killed, 500 injured
over jobs & housing
Sec. 4: After the War
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Prohibition  18th Amendment prohibited the
manufacture, transportation & sale of alcohol
by January 1919 66% of states ratified 18th A.
The Nineteenth Amendment  1920 women
could vote
A Warning  Wilson warns of WW 2 before he
dies in 1923
Conclusion
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America would prosper after World War One,
but the Great Depression and the Treaty of
Versailles would allow World War Two