Transcript Document
1. Existing processes and business environment
• Business environment – U.S census on the Construction Industry – Contract type. • Existing processes – Existing process – Current Used Technologies – Process mode
Business Environment
• 1997 Economic Census ( US census Bureau
) Industry Total number of employees Value of construction work (US $1,000) Value added (US $1,000) Construction 5,664,853 845,543,552 383,845,728 Building, developing, & general contracting 1,342,953 381,641,600 120,322,720 Heavy construction 880,400 127,841,600 68,775,976 Special trade contractors 3,441,500 336,060,352 194,747,056
Business Environment
The construction industry is very unique because… 1. It has many characteristics common to both manufacturing and service industries.
2. It is fragmented and sometimes divisive.
3. It is very custom-oriented.
4. It is incentive-oriented.
As a result… The construction industry highly depends on personnel rather than technologies.
Technologies play the role to support making decisions during industry’s whole phases.
Business Environment
• Construction Management has emerged as a strong alternative to traditional construction contracting procedures.
• Construction manager represent owner’s profits in the current construction industry that is getting more complicated and specialized.
• Construction management treats the project planning, design, and construction phases as integrated tasks.
• So, construction manager’s great role is to understand each specialized areas and to make diverse information into optimized information while reducing resources and making more benefits.
Business Environment
• Example : Market share of CM type contracts.
Design-bid build 19% CM at risk 30% Design-build 4% CM Agent 1% Directly or indirectly, construction management plays a big role in 81% of projects.
Competitive sealed proposals 46%
Texas K-12 and public higher education projects
(source: Effects of State Legislation on Contracting Methods of Public Schools and Universities )
Business Environment
• Relationships of project teams at CM at Risk
Contractual: Functional:
Owner Owner Designer Construction Manager Designer Construction Manager Independent Contractors
Professional Construction Management )
Independent Contractors
Existing Processes
• Existing Working Processes Planning Process Preliminary Studies Design Process Constructability, Procurability, Commissioning, Operability, Maintainability, Health, Sustainability Analyses during Planning and Design Plans and Specifications Construction Process Evaluation of Project Construction Performance Plans and Specifications Operations & Maintenance Process Evaluation of Facility Operation Performance
Existing Processes
• Current Used Technologies
Planning Phase Owner Team
1. Assessment & Objectives Setting 2. Preliminary, planning & Funding 3. Project Definition Package
Design Phase Design Team
(Engineers/Architects) 1. Conceptual / Schematic Design 2. Design Development 3. Contract Documents
Construction Phase Construction Team
(Construction Managers /General Contractors/Subcontractors) 1. Bid or Negotiate, & Award 2. Construction Planning 3. Execution 4. Start-up
Operation Phase Operations Team
(Users/Operators) 1. Operation/Manageme nt / Maintenance 2. End of Service Life Decision Technologies
For Drafting & Rendering
AutoCAD, ArchiCAD 3D-Studio, FormZ ……
For Planning
Primavera Project Planning, MS Project
For Estimating
Dodge, MS Excel
For Contracting
Primavera Expedition
Existing Processes
• Project Documentation Problems
)
Existing Processes
• Current Process-Issues / Problems
)
Existing Processes
• Current Technologies and Processes’ Problems – Lack of understanding • Danger not to reflect owner’s intend.
• Inefficient work due to misunderstanding about projects. – Not integrated data between each applications • Rework to interpret.
• Problems caused by misunderstanding different areas’ works.
2. Available and suitable information technologies
• Conditions of new information technologies • Available and suitable technologies – Process model – Advantages • Assessment of the technologies – Benefit – Obstacle
Conditions of new alternative technologies
1. They can be easily understood without special training.
Owner needs to know what’s going on.
2. They are also easily understood by computer. The information has to be understood by both people and computer.
3.
They must integrate each area’s tasks.
We need the tool that can reduce meaningless works like counting numbers or copying data.
Available and suitable information technologies
1. 4D CAD System – 4D CAD system is for integrating the information within the design and construction phases.
– 4D CAD is now been developing to 1. manage and minimize risk throughout all stages of a construction project 2. effectively communicate the design, schedule, and other project data 3. rapidly explore design and construction alternatives (By Martin Fischer, Kathleen McKinney Liston)
Available and suitable information technologies
• Applications based on 4D CAD – The prototype of 4D CAD developed by 4D CAD research team of Stanford University.
– ProVis developed by VIRCON – Revit developed by AutoDesk 2. Information networking - VERA
Available and suitable information technologies
• Process Model of 4D-CAD Models Start with Prototype developed to import VRML files and schedule content and provide basic 4D functionality in an on-line environment .P3
file Primavera .pm
VRML 4D -Appli.
.VFD
Multigen Egg VRML translator AutoCAD dwg files AutoCAD dxf .EGG
.wrl
file Alias Wavefront Hierarchical 3D file format Commercial tool Prototype 4D tools Internal translator was updated for input into Java/4D application Application was written to import VFD format into CAVE to generate relationships between 3D components and activities
)
Ended with: VRML 4D -Applet Cave
Available and suitable information technologies
• System Architecture of 4D-CAD (Pro Vis)
Information Structure (Uniclass) AutoCAD VBA 4D Simulator
(ProVis)
VBA RDBMS (SQL) VBA ODBC MS Project Spreadsheets Costing Models Virtual Reality
) User Interface
VBA: Visual Basic for Applications ODBC: Open Database Connectivity RDBMS: Relational Database Management System VBA: Visual Basic for Applications VBA: Visual Basic for Applications
Available and suitable information technologies
• Advantages of 4D-CAD 1. To reduce time and cost from design to construction phases.
2. To help communications and understanding between each teams.
3. To improve the productivities and to reduce meaningless works.
As a result… – Owners can expect to save the cost and to get higher value.
– Each teams can expect to earn more money by improving their productivities.
Assessment of the Technologies
• Benefits for owners – To save the cost and time – Better quality of a final product – Better understanding about the project • Benefits for design teams – To reduce planning time and cost – To communicate with each teams easily – To prevent errors and mistakes – To reduce rework
Assessment of the Technologies
• Benefits for construction manager teams – To reduce the time and cost – To build database easily – To increase productivity – To reduce wasted materials – To expect constructability
Screenshot of In
VI
zn
One 4D model of The Helsinki University of Technology
Screenshots of ProVis (1)
Screenshots of ProVis (2)
3. A framework target plan
• The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD • The cases implemented by 4D-CAD • A long term IT adoption goals
The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD
• 4D-CAD Cases (1)
Project
Disney’s California Adventure-Paradise Pier Paradise Pier-Seafood Restaurant Paradise Pier Hotel Façade Renovation Disney Concert Hall
Facility type
Amusement Facility Restaurant Hotel Renovation Concert Hall Hospital Lab/Office Facility Hospital Lab/Office Office Complex Bay Street Project Complex Theatre
Phase
Project planning, Bid Construction Administration Planning, Construction Construction Construction Pre-Construction Bid Planning, Construction -
Contract Value
$200 Million $400 Million $100 Million $259 Million
The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD
• 4D-CAD Cases (2)
Project Facility type
Sequus Pharmaceuticals Pilot Plant Multi-Purpose School of Health, University of Teeside Educational Institute – University Westmorland Primary School, Stockport Educational Institute High School
Phase
Planning, Construction Planning, Construction Planning, Construction
Contract Value
-
The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD
• Post-Construction Analysis Contract Value Increased Design Costs Number of Change Orders Reason for Change Orders
Rountree Plumbing
Process Piping/HVAC Wet $2,018,937 30% 6 4-Owner Requested 1-Value Engineering 1-Unforeseen Condition -1.0028% Percentage of Total Cost Productivity Rework Profitability Significantly increased Dramatically reduced Same Expects greater return with increased use
Paragon Mechanical
HVAC Dry $1,071,237 20-30% 1 1-Owner Requested 0.9958% Much more Productive Minimal Same Expects greater return with increased use
Rosendin Electric
Electrical $488,414 20-30% 3 3-Owner Requested 0.9746% No Difference No Difference Less Increased design time with less benefit from coordination (Source: Martin Fischer, CIFE)
The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD
• Based on the cases, 4D-CAD makes more values from the projects on following conditions.
The projects have… – Many stakeholders and players.
– Complicate functions.
– Large scales.
and… – Need much more information.
– Adopt new technologies.
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD
• The project of the mine facilities in Chile (1) – Case study description • A huge new copper concentrator facility to be built some 10 kilometers from the existing facilities • It required – A 9.6 kilometer overland conveyor – An 164-kilometer pipeline to carry copper concentrate – Living and recreation facilities for the approximately 7,500 workers on site – The covered building to hold some 400,000 metric tons of ore
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD
• The project of the mine facilities in Chile (2) – Case Description (2) • It also required – A system of conveyor belt hoppers and chutes the rock and deliver it to an 11.6 meter-in-diameter, 26,000-HP semi autogenous grinding mill, three 18,000-HP ball mills, and a set of 110 flotation cells.
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD
• The project of the mine facilities in Chile (3)
The Model of the Case Study Project
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD
• The project of the mine facilities in Chile (4) – Benefits • Reduction of 10% in cost • Reduction in schedule, from 18 to 16 months • Improved design reflected in a reduction in errors during construction • Reductions in uncertainty and risk reflected in 90% of fulfillment of the construction schedule
(Source:
4D-PS: Putting IT new work process into effect )
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD
• The Bay Street Project Case, Emeryville, CA (1) – Activities • Start was 2D data and schedule with more than 200 activities for a office complex more than 1,000,000 SF.
• 252 hours of InVizOne 3D modeling services.
• 200 hours of InVizOne 4D modeling services. – Benefits • Discovered opportunity to save $3 million in reduced cost for unexcavated courtyards • Discovered opportunities to save $5 million in reduced cost overall
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD
• The Bay Street Project Case, Emeryville, CA (2)
The Models of the Case Study Project
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD
• As a result of the smooth communication and clear understanding between each player… $2,000,000 $1,800,000 $1,600,000 $1,400,000 $1,200,000 $1,000,000 $800,000 $600,000 $400,000 $200,000 $0 $0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 $3,000 $3,500 $4,000 Total Unplanned Change by Individual Facilities ($000) $4,500 $5,000
(Source:
Building Better by Building Virtually First
)
A long term IT adoption goal
• The impacts of 4D-CAD (1) Programming Schematic Design Design Develop/ Construction Document Construction
The Sequent Phases of the Project
A long term IT adoption goal
• The impacts of 4D-CAD (2) Owner Construction Manager Subcontractor Subcontractor Subcontractor Subcontractor Designer 4D-CAD Model & Libraries Contracting Flow of Information
4. Assess the expected costs of achieving the plan
• The major expected costs at the industry aspect – Collaboration between the players in the industry – Data exchange • The minor expected costs at the firm aspect – The investment on equipments – The internal investment on the infrastructure • Potential risks – The implementation of adopting a new technology
The major expected costs at the industry aspect
• Collaboration between each firms – The hesitance to open own information • E.g. drawings of a new high-tech elevator – The avoidance the rework due to feedback • E.g. reworks to change finished plans due to the problems of other teams – The responsibility problems • E.g. whose responsibility about the costs due to the changing plans
The major expected costs at the industry aspect
– The necessity to adjust the existing contract conditions • As the concept of the construction is changing, the contract conditions have to be modified.
The major expected costs at the industry aspect
• Data exchange – The standardization problem – Data supporting system • Internal supporting system – e.g. AutoCAD’s libraries, Adobe Photoshop’s plug-in applications’ concept • External supporting system – Web Hub – ASP solutions
The minor expected costs at the firm aspect
• The investment on equipments – New hardware and software – Employee’s training • The internal investment on the infrastructure – Organizational restructure – Supporting system for new solutions – The enough infrastructure to maximize the benefits of 4D-CAD
Potential risks
• The whole implementation of 4D-CAD – The lag time problem – The resistance of peoples to the new technology – The hidden costs
5. Analysis of the readiness of the CPM sector
• The currently readiness of the implementation – The current commercial applications – The current rate of the automation • The impacts of the 4D-CAD – The impacts in a short term – The impacts in a long term
The currently readiness of the implementation
• The current commercial applications – Each sub-sectors have own applications – The familiarness to the computer based works – The fast rate of networking development – The lack of linkage between each sub-setors • The current rate of the automation – The most segments are already automated or being automated.
– The lack of linkage between planning and manufacturing
The impacts of the 4D-CAD
• The impacts in a short term – The limited implementation due to not fully integrated data – A lot of modification manually due to lack of accurate logic to replace decision makings • The impacts in a long term – The fully integration through planners, constructers and manufacturers – To provide better quality controls – To maximize the value of projects
6. A detailed plan for the next incremental step
• The further IT adoption’s goals of 4D-CAD – Plan – Design – Procurement – Finance – Construction
The further IT adoption’s goals of 4D-CAD
• Plan – The value analysis of the project – The examination of the project executions • Design – To provide whole information include product codes, specifications and etc • Procurement – To integrate local dealers who provide construction materials – To order materials as the needs of the construction lead time
The further IT adoption’s goals of 4D-CAD
• Finance – To reflect constructor’s finance status include loan cost, procurement cost and etc • Construction – To improve quality controls – To enhance construction productivity • E.g. Mobile computing on construction site, quality control by image processing
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
US census Bureau
( http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/97EC23.HTM
) Donald S. Barrie and Boyd C. Paulson,
Professional Construction Management
- 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1992 K. Everette Sylvester, January 31, 2001
Effects of State Legislation on Contracting Methods of Public Schools and Universities
, Forum on Construction Project Delivery for Texas Public Work,
Construction Management Associations of America
( http://www.cmaanet.org
)
4D CAD Research
( http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/index.shtml
)
CIFE Summer Program
( http://www.stanford.edu/group/CIFE )
3D/4D Workshops
( http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/4d workshop-main.htm
)
Construction Research Agenda Workshop
( http://www/ce/berkeley.edy/~tommelein/CEMworkshop.htm
)
References
9.
VIRCON
( http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/vircon/ ) 10. K. Everette Sylvester,
Effects of State Legislation on Contracting Methods of Public Schools and Universities
, Forum on Construction Project Delivery for Texas Public Work, January 31, 2001 11. Robert A. Rodgers,
A 4D-CAD implementation Utilizing JSPACE Schedule Simulator
, Virginia Tech 12. Martin Fischer,
4D CAD: Learning from your virtual mistakes
, Stanford University 13. Mark J. Clayton, Paul Teicholz, Martin Fischer, & John Kunz,
Virtual components consisting of form, function and behavior
, Automation in Construction 8, 1999, pp. 351-367.
14. Gijsbertus T. Luiten, Frits P. Tolman and Martin A. Fischer,
Project-modeling in AEC to integrate design and construction
, Computers in Industry 35, 1998, pp. 13-29.
References
14. Paul Teicholz,
Vision of Future Practice
, White paper on AEC Practice and Research Issues for the Future.
15. Peter Barrett,
Construction management pull for 4D CAD
, University of Salford. 16. Leonardo Rischmoller,
4D-PS: Putting an IT new work process into effect
, Bechtel Group, Inc., June 12, 2002 17. Martin Fischer, Building better by building virtually first, Stanford University