Transcript PPT

An overview
written
report
oral
presentation
• 中文1200-2000字
• in English 750-1000
words
• 中文 or in English
• a play or recitation
video
• recorded in CD-Rom
• 5 minutes
Greek theatre and Greek Tragedy
• Dionysus Theatres
Greek Medicine
• Asclepius
• Hippocrates
Oedipus Tyrannus
• knowledge
• Chaining story
 由演員為觀眾表演故事。說得更簡
單的話:戲劇是由甲扮演乙﹐有丙
觀看。這定義與另一本戲劇史中寫
的一樣:凡能滿足以下條件的就是
劇場(theatre): A represents X
while S looks on.(FischerLichte 257). 甲(A)是演員﹐乙
(X)是故事裡的人物﹐丙(S)
是觀眾。
 希臘戲劇是這個主流的源頭。希臘的城邦
之一,雅典﹐從西元前534年起就奠立了
悲劇節,綿延長達三個世紀以上,其間傑
作至今仍為人類瑰寶。戲劇也是表演藝
術,希臘劇場的演出形式及安排,為後世
樹立了一個長青的典型。要了解這份寶貴
的遺產,最好從雅典著手,因為它既是希
臘戲劇的搖籃,也是它的中心。
 就人類戲劇史而言,皮氏最大的貢獻,
是他在西元前534年創立了悲劇競賽。
 希臘悲劇與宗教儀式有密切的關係。
 真正起源已經不可考。現在一般認為起源於酒神
 在祭祀中,合唱隊(Chorus)會表演歌舞祭祀酒神戴奧
尼索斯(Dionysus),這種歌舞被稱為「酒神頌」 。
 「酒神頌」發展到後來,逐漸擴大到神話和英雄傳說
的範圍——悲劇的形式逐步發展和完善,成為一種固
定的敘事體。
 他是天神宙斯 (Zeus) 與凡女西蜜莉
(Semele) 生下的兒子,宇斯的妻子希拉
(Hera) 出於嫉妒將他擲入火中,幸被仙女
救出而得重生。
 戴奧尼索斯的經歷因此象徵著生命循環
(出生、成長、衰敗、死亡、重生)與四
季交迭(春、夏、秋、冬),希臘人祭祀
他祈求香火傳續,四季豐饒,而身為酒
神,他也常讓人聯想到一些不理性的力
量。
 古希臘悲劇的表現主題不在於悲劇性的故事本身,而是在
於表現崇高壯烈(sublime and magnificent)的英雄主義思
想。
 根據亞裡斯多德Poetics中的定義,古希臘悲劇「描寫的是
嚴肅的事件,是對有一定長度的動作的摹仿;目的在於引
起憐憫和恐懼,並導致這些情感的淨化;主人公往往出乎
意料的遭到不幸,從而成悲劇,因而悲劇的衝突成了人和
命運的衝突」。
Tragedy= Goat song
The word tragedy literally means
"goat song," probably referring to
the practice of giving a goat as a
sacrifice or a prize at the religious
festivals in honor of the god
Dionysus.
 內容:宗教精神、風俗文化
 演出場地:天然的露天圓形劇場,圓形
廣場為表演區
ㄧ個演員一個歌隊
 Aeschylus
兩個演員一個歌隊
 Sophocles
三個演員一個歌隊
 早期:
日後希臘戲劇維持為三人,ㄧ人分飾多角
 有幾世紀之久,希臘戲劇只在既四戴歐尼色斯
(Dionysus)的節慶中演出。祭祀他是為了確保春天的復
甦。他代表著是上許多非理念的力量。
 在早期的戴歐尼色斯禮拜中,酗酒和縱慾被視為是宗
教衝動的一部分,而加以接受。
 雖然這種陋習已經逐漸昇華,但是禮拜中求取的豐腴
的基本目的仍然保存未變。
 戴歐尼色斯的崇拜是在西元前十三世
紀左右,自小亞細亞傳入希臘的。
 到了西元前第七、第八世紀時,再祭
拜他的節慶中已經有歌隊舞蹈者的競
賽了。隨辦著這些舞蹈的是狂喜的
「戴神頌」(dithyramb),稱戴歐尼色
斯。按照亞里斯多德的說法,戲劇就
是由這些讚美和舞蹈蛻變而來的。
 希臘戲劇的第一個確切紀錄見之於西元五三
四年,這一年「城市的戴神節」組織改變,
在各項活動中加入了悲劇演出競賽。
 戲劇在此以前勢必早已存在,否則不會又有
此競賽。這時其中唯一可考的戲劇家就是賽
士比斯(Thespis),也就是第一次悲劇競賽的
冠軍得主,並且,由於他也是第一個?是人
所知的演員,以後演員們就常被叫做賽士比
斯之徒(Thespians)
 在宗教的領域中,竟然包括了非理念力量,
這顯示希臘人相信對自然的每一部分都應適
當崇敬,否則災厄就會隨之而產生。
 希臘人始終努力,要在所有相衝突的力量之
間無論是內心的還是外在的,達成和諧。
 525B.C~456B.C
 古希臘悲劇早期發展階段的詩人
 悲劇主要以神話為題材,觸及當時社
會問題
 悲劇思想深刻,氣勢宏大、人物雄
偉、風格崇高,富有抒情色彩。
 結構較簡單
 現僅剩七部作品
 創新戲劇表演形式,引進第二個演員
 《阿伽門農》、《奠酒人》、《報仇
神》
~古希臘悲劇中唯一一部完整傳世的三聯
劇
 496B.C~406B.C
 生於雅典北邊名叫Colonus的村落
 受良好教育,擅音樂、體育、舞蹈…
等
 因為貌美與音樂天賦被推選為慶祝戰
爭勝利祭儀中少年合唱團領導
 生於一個富裕家庭,當時正適逢雅典
城邦的黃金時期,雅典人活於滿懷自
信的年代,他們的哲學家相信「人是
衡量一切的標準」。
 但過分的自信令他們傲慢而又熱忱於
爭名逐利。當時詭辯學應運而生,處
士橫議,傳統的信仰受到挑戰。索福
克里斯對這種風尚深感憂慮,在劇本
中,他反複出了他的勸導與警告。
 曾任以雅典為盟主的「德利亞聯盟」
的財政總管
 兩度被選為將軍(政府的最高官位)
 祭師
 「生前完滿,身後無憾。」
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生涯劇作有110部左右(130、125、123)
現存七部戲劇及少數殘本
ㄧ:阿傑克斯(Ajax c.450B.C)
二:安蒂岡尼(Antigone c.442B.C)
三:屈欽妮亞(Trachiniae c.413B.C)
四:伊底帕斯王(Oedipus Rex c.425B.C)
五:伊蕾特拉(Electra c.410B.C)
六:菲洛特提斯(Philoctetes c.409B.C)
七:伊底帕斯在柯隆納斯(Oedipus at Colonus
c.401B.C)
 要見出愛斯奇勒斯的力量,最號莫過於談他的三部
曲,通常被稱作「奧瑞斯提亞」(Oresteia)的,這是戲
劇文學上偉大的里程碑之一。
 愛斯奇勒斯無時不關注人與神和宇宙的關係。而「奧
瑞斯提亞」就範示了他的這種關注,因為他在劇中處
理了公理觀念的茁長問題。在前兩個劇本中,劇中人
物把公理與個人的私仇等量齊觀;在最後的劇本中個
人的公理尺度終國家的法制所取代。這種發展的呈
現,完全經由一個有力的故事,其中滿富謀殺、復仇
與悔恨,在人類觀念史中這發展具有革命性的意義。

http://teacher.yuntech.edu.tw/~wangil/theater/drama/greece.pdf
 角色:多半是身分地位高於一般民眾的
英雄、國王、貴族或神祈
 劇情:際遇由盛而衰
 使用語言較高雅
 蘊含積極意義
 強烈道德意涵
 角色:多半是地位低於一般大眾的人物
 劇情:自逆境漸入佳境
 使用語言多為一般生活用語
 發展晚於悲劇
 輕鬆詼諧、滑稽戲謔
 語言粗鄙、動作放縱
 嘲諷
 作為嚴肅悲劇演出後的餘興
Alice Y. Chang
36
GREEK EDUCATION AND
TECHNOLOGY
 Medicine was very important to the Ancient
Greek.
 Ancient Greek Culture was such that a high
priority was placed upon healthy lifestyles,
this despite Ancient Greece being much
different to the Greece of the modern World.
Chiron
 In Greek mythology, Chiron or Cheiron
or Kheiron ("hand") was held as the
superlative centaur among his brethren.
 Chiron, by contrast, was intelligent,
civilized and kind.
 He was known for his knowledge and
skill with medicine.
 A great healer, astrologer, and respected
oracle, Chiron was said to be the last
centaur and highly revered as a teacher
and tutor. Among his pupils were many
culture heroes: Asclepius, Theseus,
Achilles, Jason, Peleus, Telamon,
Heracles, Phoenix…
 Kheiron's name was derived from the
Greek word for hand (kheir), which
also meant "skilled with the hands."
The name was also closely associated in
myth with kheirourgosor surgeon.
 Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like
Egypt, was based largely upon religious
beliefs.
 The Cult of Asclepios grew in popularity and
was a major provider of medical care.
 This cult developed old theories and
introduced several treatments not too
dissimilar from modern 'alternative
medicines'.
 The Ancient Greeks though made major strides
in medical knowledge.
 The works of Hippocrates and his followers
led to several scientific facts being recorded for
the first time: and perhaps more significantly
the work of these philosophers began a
tradition of studying the cause of disease rather
than looking solely at the symptoms when
prescribing a cure.
 So the Greeks were very interested in using
scientific observation and logic to figure out
what caused diseases and what you could do
about them.
 In the 300's BC and afterward, in the
Hellenistic period, Greek doctors worked out a
logical system for understanding disease. Their
writings about this have been collected in the
Hippocratic Writings, named after the first and
most famous of these doctors, Hippocrates
 The legacy of the Ancient Greek world on
medical practice has been great.
 Hippocrates theory of the Four Humors was,
for a long time, the basis upon which to
develop medical reasoning. Likewise the
methodology employed by the Greeks has, to
a large extent, been retained and modified to
form what we now consider to be
conventional medicine.
 1792. Oil on canvas. Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Museé
d’Histoire de la Médecine
 was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of
Pericles, and was considered one of the most
outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
 father of medicine
 This intellectual school revolutionized medicine
in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline
distinct from other fields that it had traditionally
been associated with , thus making medicine a
profession.
 Nevertheless, Hippocrates is
commonly portrayed as the paragon
of the ancient physician.
 In particular, he is credited with
greatly advancing the systematic study
of clinical medicine, summing up the
medical knowledge of previous
schools, and prescribing practices for
physicians through the Hippocratic
Oath and other works.
 This allows Aristotle a parallel with ethics,
because in his view we acquire virtues by
realizing them, just as, for instance, we
become builders by building.
 Thus, medicine is acquired through
experience, and not (only) textbooks.
 Several Hippocratic authors insist on two
features that do not get much of an airing in the
philosophical texts surveyed above: the fact
that medicine, and techne in general, are about
taking decisions, and the ability of the doctor
to account for his decisions – what some texts
equate with a knowledge of causes.
 The doctor can distinguish bad from
good cures, and praise or blame various
components of a regimen: ‘mistakes, no
less than benefits, are witnesses to the
existence of the techne [...] how, where
the right and the not-right each have a
boundary, could there not be a techne?
 Life is short, and Art long; the crisis
fleeting; experience perilous, and
decision difficult. The physician must
not only be prepared to do what is right
himself, but also to make the patient,
the attendants, and externals cooperate.
Ped-
Pediatrics(小兒科)、pedicure(腳病治療)、
orthopedics(整形手術,特別指嬰孩的整
形手術) 、pedometer(計步器)、
pedestrian(徒步的)、pedagogy(教學法)、
encyclopedia(百科全書),這些字有一個共同的
希臘文字根ped-;由此可見,在希臘文中小孩、腳、教
育與知識等多層意涵,巧妙地糾結在一個字根ped-。
有趣的是,著名的伊底帕斯、他的名字、他的故事、他所
代表的典型正是以上諸多概念的縮影。

先看Oedipus一字的字源, oedi- 即
oidos變形的,加上 pus 即pous 腳,
Oedipus的字面意思就是畸型的腳
(clubbed feet)或是腫脹的腳(swollen
feet)。此外,oidos當作動詞的意思是
「我知道」,所以Oedipus的另一層意
義是我知道關於腳的事—伊底帕斯知道
Sphinx謎語的答案。
 http://beaver.dlc.ncnu.edu.tw/projects/emag/article/200706
/知識與教育.pdf
The story