Transcript Unit Five – Transforming Organizations

Unit Five – Transforming
Organizations
• Chapter Seventeen – Building Software
to Support an Agile Organization
• Chapter Eighteen – Outsourcing in the
21st Century
• Chapter Nineteen – Developing a 21st
Century Organization
• Plug In B2 – Business Processes
• Plug In B14 – Systems Development
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Developing Software – The Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• Systems development life cycle (SDLC) – the
overall process for developing information systems
from planning and analysis through implementation
and maintenance
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DEVELOPING SOFTWARE – The Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Does system make sense?
Feasibility.
Convert from old
system to new system.
Test the system.
3 times the time and
resources of
programming!!
Build the system.
Fix, maintain, and
improve system.
How can system solve
business problem?
LAYPERSON language.
How can system solve
business problem?
TECHIE language.
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Developing Software – The Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
1. Planning phase – involves establishing a
high-level plan of the intended project and
determining project goals
2. Analysis phase – involves analyzing enduser business requirements and refining
project goals into defined functions and
operations of the intended system
•
Business requirement – detailed set of business
requests that the system must meet in order to be
successful
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PLANNING: Assess Project
Feasibility
•
Feasibility study – determines if the
proposed solution is feasible and achievable
from a financial, technical, and organizational
standpoint
•
Different types of feasibility studies
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Economic feasibility study
Operational feasibility study
Technical feasibility study
Schedule feasibility study
Legal and contractual feasibility study
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Analysis: Examining Business
Processes
• The process steps are the activities the customer
and store personnel do to complete the transaction
• Business process - a standardized set of activities
that accomplish a specific task, such as processing
a customer’s order
• Business processes transform a set of inputs into a
set of outputs (goods or services) for another
person or process by using people and tools
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Business Process Improvement
• Continuous process improvement
model - attempts to understand and
measure the current process, and make
performance improvements accordingly
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BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING
• Business process reengineering (BPR) analysis and redesign of workflow within and
between enterprises
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Business Process Design
• Business process modeling (or mapping) - the
activity of creating a detailed flow chart or process
map of a work process showing its inputs, tasks,
and activities, in a structured sequence
• Business process model - a graphic description
of a process, showing the sequence of process
tasks, which is developed for a specific
– As-Is process model
– To-Be process model
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Business Process Design
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Example: Ford - BEFORE and
After
Purchase
Order
Purchasing
Vendor
Receiving
Copy of
Purchase
Order
Receiving
Document
Accounts
Payable
Goods
Payment
Invoice
500 AP employees! Most time
spent on mismatches.
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Example: Ford - Before and
AFTER
Purchase
Order
Purchasing
Vendor
Receiving
Goods
Payment
Database
Accounts
Payable
“Don’t send
us invoices”
75% reduction in head count.
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Developing Software – The Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
3. Design phase – involves describing the
desired features and operations of the system
including screen layouts, business rules,
process diagrams, pseudo code, and other
documentation
4. Development phase – involves taking all of
the detailed design documents from the
design phase and transforming them into the
actual system
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Developing Software – The Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
5. Testing phase – involves bringing all the
project pieces together into a special testing
environment to test for errors, bugs, and
interoperability and verify that the system
meets all of the business requirements
defined in the analysis phase
6. Implementation phase – involves placing the
system into production so users can begin to
perform actual business operations with the
system
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Developing Software – The Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
7. Maintenance phase – involves
performing changes, corrections,
additions, and upgrades to ensure the
system continues to meet the business
goals
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Software Development
Methodologies
•
There are a number of different software
development methodologies including:
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Waterfall
Rapid application development (RAD)
Extreme programming
Agile
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Waterfall Methodology
•
Waterfall methodology – a sequential, activitybased process in which each phase in the SDLC is
performed sequentially from planning through
implementation and maintenance
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Rapid Application Development
Methodology (RAD)
•
Rapid application development methodology
(RAD) – emphasizes extensive user involvement
in the rapid and evolutionary construction of
working prototypes of a system to accelerate the
systems development process
•
The prototype is an essential part of the analysis
phase when using a RAD methodology
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Prototype – a smaller-scale representation or working
model of the users’ requirements or a proposed design
for an information system
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Extreme Programming Methodology
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Extreme programming (XP) methodology – breaks a
project into tiny phases, and developers cannot continue on to
the next phase until the first phase is complete
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Agile Methodology
•
Agile methodology – a form of XP, aims
for customer satisfaction through early and
continuous delivery of useful software
components
– Agile is similar to XP but with less focus on
team coding and more on limiting project scope
– An agile project sets a minimum number of
requirements and turns them into a deliverable
product
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Project Managing The Systems
Development Effort
•
Project management – the application of
knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to
project activities in order to meet or exceed
stakeholder needs and expectations from a
project
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Project management software – supports
the long-term and day-to-day management
and execution of the steps in a project
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Project Managing The Systems
Development Effort
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Project management interdependent variables
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Project Managing The Systems
Development Effort
•
Common reasons why IT projects fall
behind schedule or fail
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Project Managing The Systems
Development Effort
•
Expected growth for project management software
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What if we can’t / don’t want to build the
system “in house”?:
Outsourcing
• Outsourcing – an arrangement by which one organization
provides a service or services for another organization that
chooses not to perform them in-house
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Outsourcing
• Reasons companies outsource
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Sourcing’s New Surge - Offshoring
• Offshore outsourcing – using
organizations from developing countries to
write code and develop systems
• According to Forrester Research, nearly
half of all businesses use offshore
providers, and two-thirds plan to send
work overseas in the near future
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21st Century Organizational Trends
•
Four technology areas where
organizations are focusing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
IT infrastructures
Security
E-business
Integrations
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Increased Focus on Integration
•
Overall, core business relationships and
models are changing
– Product-centricity to customer-centricity
– Mass production to mass customization
– The value in material things to the value of
knowledge and intelligence
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Increased Focus on Integration
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A new series of business success
factors and challenges are emerging
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Organization agility
Focus on core competencies and processes
Redefinition of the value chain
Instantaneous business response
Ability to scale resources and infrastructure
across geographic boundaries
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