Transcript Mod L PowerPoint Presentation

Module L – Situational and
Organizational Factors Affecting
Sexual Abuse, Types of Offenders,
Grooming Techniques, and
Prevention of Abuse
For Parishes and Dioceses
L-1
Situational and Organizational Factors
Related to Sexual Abuse of Minors by
Catholic Priests
Types of Offenders, Grooming
Techniques, and Prevention
L-2
Main Sources of Data
Reports presented to the United States Conference
of Catholic Bishops by the John Jay College
Research Team, The City University of New York
• The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of
Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States,
1950-2010, March, 2011
• The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors
by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United
States, 1950-2002, February 2004
L-3
I. Situational Factors:
Settings and Circumstances
of Sexual Abuse
L-4
Settings Where Victims First Met
Priests Who Abused Them
Location of First Meeting
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
A. Church/Parish Related
64.8
58.9
B. School/Teacher
15.1
13.6
C. Home of Victim or Relative of Victim
4.9
14.2
D. Other Institutions
7.8
7.3
E. Other
7.1
6.2
99.7
100.2
Total
* % Based on Nature and Scope and victim survey of 7,142 boys and 1,762 girls.
L-5
A. Church/Parish Related
Location of First Meeting
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
At Mass
33.8
27.1
At an Altar Service/In the Rectory
12.3
10.7
In the Parish
17.5
19.9
Home of Cleric
0.8
0.7
Choir
0.4
0.5
64.8
58.9
Total
L-6
B. Teacher/School Related
Location of First Meeting
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Teacher (up to grade 6)
0.7
1.3
Teacher (grades 7-8)
0.9
1.4
Teacher (grades 9-12)
8.4
4.9
Sunday/Parish School
0.8
0.9
Other School
2.4
4.9
Seminary Faculty/Administrator
1.9
0.2
15.1
13.6
Total
L-7
C. Home of Victim or Relative of Victim
Location of First Meeting
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Home of Victim/Social Function with Victim’s
Family
4.5
12.7
Cleric is Relative
0.4
1.5
4.9
14.2
Total
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D. Other Institutions
Location of First Meeting
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Boys Club/Youth Recreation
4.9
5.6
Work in Hospital
0.8
0.7
In Jail/Prison/Youth Offender Residence
1.2
0.1
Orphanage
0.9
0.9
7.8
7.3
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
7.1
6.2
Total
E. Other
Location
Other
L-9
Physical Locations of Abuse
Location of Abuse
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
A. Church/Parish Related
65.8
62.7
B. Residences
59.0
47.0
C. Other Locations
30.5
25.4
Note well: Clergy sexual abuse occurs in multiple settings
 Most frequently it is in church-related locations
 A wide range of residential contexts are used
 Other public and private venues also are exploited
L-10
A. Church/Parish Related
Locations of Abuse
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Cleric’s Home/Parish Residence
36.3
30.7
In Church
14.2
12.9
In School
8.2
11.4
Cleric’s Office
6.2
7.6
Congregate Residence
0.6
0.1
65.8
62.7
Total
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B. Residences
Location of Abuse
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
In Victim’s Home
10.9
10.4
Vacation House
9.9
5.0
In Other Residences (Friends, Family)
1.0
0.8
21.8
16.2
36.6
30.7
0.6
0.1
59.0
47.0
(Following residences also included in A above.)
Cleric’s Home/Parish Residence
Congregate Residence
Total
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C. Other Locations
Location of Abuse
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
In a Car
8.5
8.4
In a Hotel
7.0
3.6
On Outings – Camp, Park, Pool
7.8
5.7
Retreat House
1.2
1.5
In the Hospital
0.7
0.7
Other
5.3
5.5
30.5
25.4
Total
L-13
Circumstances/Timing of Abuse
Circumstances/Timing
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
A. Church/Parish Related
27.1
27.8
B. Social Event/Other Recreation
42.2
40.8
C. Other
14.4
16.2
83.7
84.8
Total
* Categories are not mutually exclusive, as victims may have experienced abuse in
more than one location.
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A. Church/Parish Related
Circumstances/Timing
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
13.2
13.1
Church Service (Before, During, After)
8.0
3.4
School Hours
4.2
8.2
During Reconciliation
1.3
2.8
Church Service, Training
0.4
0.3
27.1
27.8
Visiting/Working at Cleric’s Home/Rectory
Total
L-15
B. Social Event/Other Recreation
Circumstances/Timing
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
During Social Event
17.8
21.9
During Travel
14.0
7.2
Cleric Visited Home of Victim
2.9
7.4
During Sporting Event
4.5
2.5
Outings
3.0
1.8
42.2
40.8
L-16
C. Other
Circumstances/Timing
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
During Counseling
6.3
7.1
Hospital Visit
0.1
0.2
During a Retreat
0.8
1.4
Other
7.2
7.5
14.4
16.2
L-17
II. Organizational Factors
Relating to Abuse
L-18
Priest’s Primary Duty or Role
at Time of Abuse
Duty or Role
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
77.2
80.2
B. Other Clerical Role
6.7
5.6
C. School/Teaching Role
8.7
5.6
D. Other
7.4
8.6
100.0
100.0
A. Pastoral/Parish Related
Total
* Based on Nature and Scope victim surveys of 7,864 boys and 1,863 girls.
L-19
A. Pastoral/Parish Role
Duty or Role
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Associate Pastor
42.2
42.1
Pastor
25.0
26.0
Resident Priest
8.8
10.9
Saying Mass
1.2
1.2
77.2
80.2
Total
L-20
B. Other Clerical Role
Duty or Role
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Bishop, Vicar, Chancellor, Cardinal
0.4
0.2
Seminarian/Seminary Administration/Faculty
1.9
1.4
School/Institutional Administrator
1.0
1.7
Chaplain
2.8
2.1
Worked in Hospital
0.6
0.2
6.7
5.6
Total
L-21
C. School/Teaching Role
Duty or Role
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Teacher (up to grade 6)
0.2
0.1
Teacher (grades 7-8)
0.3
0.4
Teacher (grades 9-12)
7.2
4.2
Guidance Counselor
0.9
0.6
Catechism Teacher
0.1
0.3
8.7
5.6
Total
L-22
D. Other
Duty or Role
% Male Victims
% Female Victims
Boys Club/Recreation
1.6
1.2
Cleric is Relative
0.3
1.0
Other
5.5
6.4
7.4
8.6
Total
L-23
A. The Fixated/Regressed Typology
The distinction between fixated and regressed
sexual offending exists on a continuum and is
not simply a dichotomous distinction
Two issues that differentiate the types:
The degree to which deviant sexual behavior is
entrenched
The basis of the psychological needs that lead to
abuse
L-24
Fixated Offenders: Definition
• They have persistent, continual, and
compulsive attraction exclusively to children
from adolescence onward
• They are usually diagnosed with pedophilia,
or recurrent, intense, sexually arousing
fantasies of at least six months in duration
involving prepubescent children
L-25
Regressed Offenders: Definition
• They usually begin offending in adulthood
• Their offenses stem from stressors in the
environment, which undermine self-esteem
and confidence, and from disordered
childhood relationships
• They are not necessarily motivated by sexual
needs alone
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B. FBI Typologies: Situational Offenders, 1
Type of Offender
Situational offenders
Characteristics of Offenders
Regressed
Offenders have poor coping skills, target victims
who are easily accessible, abuse children as a
substitute for adult relationships
Morally Indiscriminate
Offenders do not prefer children over adults and
tend to use children (or anyone accessible) for
their own interest (sexual and otherwise)
Sexually Indiscriminate
Offenders are mainly interested in sexual
experimentation, and abuse children out of
boredom
Inadequate
Offenders are social misfits who are insecure, have
low self-esteem, and see relationships with
children as their only sexual outlet
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FBI Typologies: Preferential Offenders, 2
Type of Offender
Preferential offenders
Characteristics of Offenders
Seductive
Offenders “court” children and give them
much affection, love, gifts, and enticements in
order to carry on a “relationship”
Fixated
Offenders have poor psychosexual
development, desire affection from children,
and are compulsively attracted to children
Sadistic
Offenders are aggressive, sexually excited by
violence, target stranger victims, and are
extremely dangerous
L-28
C. Personality Characteristics of
Clergy Offenders, 1
Several researchers have concluded that clergy offenders are
truly unique in comparison to offenders within the general
population.
•
One review of literature maintained that clergy offenders
displayed shyness, loneliness, and passivity
•
MMPI scores illustrated the presence of depression,
authority concerns, and addiction problems
•
Rorschach results indicated greater affect constriction
than normal
•
Offending clergy exhibited the presence of overcontrolled hostility more than non-offending clergy
L-29
Personality Characteristics of
Clergy Offenders, 2
One of the specific clergy studies found that offenders came
from backgrounds
•
Characterized by rigidity and dysfunction with themes of
abuse
•
Had little insight into these areas
•
Had insufficient training in the issue of transference/counter
transference
•
Had virtually no training or education concerning sexual
abuse, domestic violence, addictive disease, or healthy
professional boundaries, and
•
Failed to appreciate how their history of trauma affected
their professional life
L-30
Onset of Abuse, 3: Overcoming External
Factors that May Prevent Abuse from
Occurring
• Abusers often create opportunities for the
abuse to take place, such as socializing and
building trust with the victim’s family
• Abusers must overcome the child’s resistance
to the abuse, which is generally achieved
through grooming tactics such as verbal
and/or physical coercion, seduction, games,
and enticements
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C. Grooming Behavior
Grooming is a pre-meditated behavior intended
to manipulate a potential victim into complying
with sexual abuse
• Examples of various tactics or methods used
to entice victims:
 seduction or manipulation
 verbal or physical intimidation
 provision of “benefits” such as tickets to
sporting events, or taking them on trips,
money, or other gifts
 building of personal and family relationships
L-32
Grooming 2,
Seduction and Testing of a Child
• This tactic is used when there is a relationship
with a child and the child is accustomed to
the affectionate expression of the offender
• The offender gradually extends the
affectionate behavior, all the while “testing”
the child’s response; if no overt resistance is
observed, the sexual abuse continues
L-33
Grooming 3, Emotional Manipulation
and Verbal Coercion
• These were the most common tactics used by
offenders to groom their victims. Examples:
- Doing favors for the victim in exchange for sex
- Emotionally blackmailing the victim into
compliance
- Even though it may appear that there is room
for negotiation on the part of the victim, the
outcome always favors the offender
L-34
Grooming 4,
Catching the Victim by Surprise
• The offender orchestrates a situation to distract
the victim or seizes the opportunity to abuse
when it occurs
• A frequent situational opportunity arises when
potential victims become altar servers or
otherwise serve a role in the church
• Seizing the opportunity is most common and is
usually the result of the offender’s frustration
from waiting for the right time to initiate contact
L-35
Grooming 5,
Using Verbal or Physical Force
• The offender garners victim compliance
through use of force
• The offender either commands the victim to
perform sexual acts and/or physically forces
the victim to engage in sexual acts
• This factor is more common among the most
serious, repeat offenders
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Grooming 6,
Disguising Sexual Advances
• This tactic disguised sexual advances in the
context of playing a game. Example:
 Offender will begin by tickling the victim
and gradually progress to fondling
• While this approach may appear spontaneous,
it has been well planned by the offender, yet
orchestrated in a rather surreptitious manner
L-37
Grooming 7, Using Alcohol and Drugs
During the peak years of abuse, the use of alcohol
and drugs by abusive priests increased
significantly, but only for male victims
Why this finding is important:
•
The increase in the use of alcohol and drugs by the abuser is
consistent with the increase in the abuse of males
•
The increase in the abuse of males is consistent with the
increase in the abuse of minors by priests
•
The use of alcohol and/or drugs by the abuser is a feature
of the “situational” or “regressed” child abuser, but not of
the “fixated” abuser
L-38
Grooming 8, Building Relationships
with the Families of Victims
• Family relationships were built to gain trust
• Parents of abused children trusted the priests
without reservation
• The children who were abused often accepted
the abuse and did not report it for many years
This lack of disclosure and concern about
reporting the abuse was one reason it was
able to persist
L-39
Grooming 9,
Effects of Grooming over Time
• Grooming tactics are premeditated and more
methodically planned than spontaneous abuse
 The offender is willing to wait months or
even possibly years to accomplish his task
 Eventually the victim becomes groomed to
the point that engaging in sex with the
offender is more or less automatic
L-40
Five Ways to Prevent Abuse
by Implementing Situational
Crime Prevention Models
1. Increase the effort it takes for priests to
commit acts of abuse
• Implement mandatory safe environment
training to raise awareness among
 Potential victims
 Guardians
 Potential abusers
L-41
Five Ways to Prevent Abuse, 2
2. Increase the risks by making it more likely that
those who commit acts of abuse will be
identified, and once identified, will have more
to lose
• Increase the risk of getting “caught” by
educating potential victims and guardians
• Enforce the “zero tolerance” policy for
abusers, which makes the risk greater if one
is recognized as an abuser
• Institute periodic evaluation of the
performance of priests in dioceses so that
questionable behavior will be more likely to
be detected and controlled
L-42
Five Ways to Prevent Abuse, 3
3. Reduce the rewards by providing alternate
outlets for close bonds with others
• Lessen the need for priests to develop
social bonds with adolescents they are
mentoring
• Increase opportunities for priests to form
social friendships and suitable bonds with
age-appropriate persons
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Five Ways to Prevent Abuse, 4
4. Reduce provocations by diminishing the factors
that may lead priests to abuse, such as stress
• Provide stress-reduction seminars after
transitions into a new parish
• Require ongoing formation, including
opportunities to develop administrative and
financial planning skills
• Make available time for participation in
priest support groups to decrease likelihood
of isolation and stress
L-44
Five Ways to Prevent Abuse, 5
5. Remove excuses through education about what
types of behavior are and are not appropriate
with minors
• Eliminate, as far as possible, the ability of
priests to use techniques of ‘neutralization,’
whereby they excuse and justify
inappropriate behavior
• Techniques of neutralization often develop
over time and after periods of stress or other
negative experiences in work and life
L-45
Summary of Situational and Organizational Factors,
Types of Offenders, Grooming, and Prevention
Related to Sexual Abuse of Minors
• Situational Factors: Settings and Circumstances of Sexual Abuse
- Settings Where Victims First Met Priests Who Abused Them,
Physical Locations of Abuse, and Circumstances and Timing
of Abuse
• Organizational Factors Related to Abuse
- Priests’ Primary Duty or Role at Time of Abuse
• Types of Offenders: Fixated, Regressed, Situational, and
Preferential
• Characteristics of Clergy Offenders
• Grooming Techniques
• Situational Crime Prevention
L-46
Discussion Questions, 1
• Taking into account the circumstances and timing that were
most common when abuse was perpetrated, what
instructions should be given to parishioners, especially
parents, and to children about sexual abuse?
• What safeguards should be implemented in parish settings
to reduce the probability of abuse?
• Considering the settings and locations where abuse took
place, what precautions should priests and other church
leaders take relative to where they meet young people?
• What are the major differences between types of sexual
offenders?
L-47
Discussion Questions, 2
• What risk factors particular to clergy might be observed in
potential clergy sex offenders?
• What are the essential ingredients of educational programs
that can help prevent sexual abuse?
• What components of the prevention models are most useful
in your situation?
• How can oversight be enhanced to prevent further sexual
abuse?
• To what extent are recommendations on education of young
people, parishioners, and church leaders being implemented?
Link to USCCB – http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/childand-youth-protection/charter.cfm
L- 48
Prepared by:
Sister Katarina Schuth, O.S.F., St. Paul Seminary
School of Divinity, University of St. Thomas
Technical Associate: Catherine Slight
Consultants:
Dr. Karen Terry and Margaret Smith, John Jay
College of Criminal Justice, authors of major studies
on sexual abuse for the USCCB;
Dr. Mary Gautier, Center for Applied Research in the
Apostolate
L-49