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ccess -
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ttribution -
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cknowledgement
Make an Impact!
Nya vägar för vetenskaplig publicering Göteborg 2004-12-09 Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
AAA
Road Map
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A
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The Ethos of Science
Collaboration
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Sharing of data Knowledge environments
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A Authors ´ rights
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Intellectual property Identification
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A Evaluation and credits
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Impact factors Citation and download counts
…and where do we go from here ?
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
The Start 1665
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INTRODUCTION. Henry Oldenburg 1665 --- there is nothing more necessary for promoting the improvement of Philosophical Matters, than the communicating --- [of] such things as are discovered or put in practice by others; it is therefore thought fit to employ the Press -- solid and useful knowledge may be further entertained, ingenious Endeavours and Undertakings cherished; those addicted to and conversant in such matters, may be invited and encouraged to search, try and find out new things, impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving Natural knowledge -- Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
The Ethos of Science?
The CUDOS norms C – communalism
Scientific knowledge should be public knowledge Results of research should be published Free exchange of scientific information between scientists Scientists responsible for the reliability of their published work
U – universalism D – disinterestedness OS - organized scepticism
The truth of any statement should finally rest on a comparison with observed facts (Robert K. Merton 1942) Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
The Signaling Gateway
www.signaling-gateway.org/
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A collaborative and free online resource. OA model Collaboration between the Alliance for Cellular Signaling (AfCS) and Nature Publishing Group Open data sharing promotes collaborative analysis and discovery both now and in the future Primary research data and analysis as well as news, information and commentary Structured, peer-reviewed information Literature to Lab and back via analysis and discussion Implications for provenance and even scientific fraud Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Access online is free to all subscribers
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Intellectual Property
Balance of Interests ?
Should the record of scientific research be privately owned and controlled or be a common good?
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Law or License ?
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Copyright law has traditionally tried to balance the interests of the rights holders and the users
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Strong business interests have damaged this balance with the help of considerable legislative changes
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Six directives have been adopted by the EU, e.g.
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The directive on the protection of databases INFOSOC, the general copyright directive 1999 “All of these directives have strengthened the positions of the rights holders, and weakened those of the users.” Kjell Nilsson, ScieCom info 2004:2 www.sciecom.org/sciecominfo Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
License overrides Law
Digital is Different !
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INFOSOC: copyright contracts always override law with one exception – The Moral Rights of the author Paper journals and books acquired without contracts In the Digital World all usage is regulated by licenses – a radical transfer of power to the rights holders The monopolisation of scientific publishing further strengthens the position of the rights holders ”Open access publishing is just about the only hope users have if they want to escape from this trap.
” Kjell Nilsson, ScieCom info 2004:2 www.sciecom.org/sciecominfo Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
IPR-agreements
Transfer of copyright = market power
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Working group with representatives from the Law Faculty, the University Legal Department, and the Library Head Office Proposal for model licenses for Lund University
www.lu.se/jurenh/INTERN/avtal.html
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§ 2 Author´s right to use the Article Copyright remains with the Author . This will be acknowledged by the Publisher in the copyright line.
The Author retains the right to use the Article: - for research, educational or other purposes of the Author ´s university/institution mounted on a server within the Lund University ´s domains (posted to free public servers of preprints and/or articles in the Author ´s subject area) - in whole or in part, as the basis for further publications or spoken presentations for publication in the Author ´s future doctoral thesis / dissertation provided the Author acknowledge the original Article in standard bibliographic citation form.
Creative Commons Licenses
Building a Layer of Reasonable Copyright http://creativecommons.org/
Attribution
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Correct Identification
for a Correct Evaluation
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
ISI Impact Factor (IF)
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A measure of how much the ”average cited article” in a journal has been cited in a particular year
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A ratio between citations and citable items published The 2003 IF of journal X is calculated by dividing the number of all the ISI source journals ´ 2003 citations of articles journal X published in 2001 and 2002 by the total number of source items it published 2001 and 2002
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Citation Counts do not distinguish between citations to editorials, letters, reviews and original articles
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Article Counts only include original articles and reviews Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Some Impact Factor Facts
Use of journal IF:s mask vast differences in article citation rates
The most cited half of articles in a journal are cited 10 times as often as the least cited half
Assigning the same score (the journal IF) to all articles is the opposite of what an evaluation is meant to achieve
Journal impact factors depend on the research field High IF:s likely in journals covering large areas of basic research, rapidly expanding, short life, many references
Article citation rates determine the journal IF not vice versa
Seglen, PO Why the impact factor of journals should not be used for evaluating research. BMJ
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Elsevier FT dwns Lund Aug 2002- Aug 2003 80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
72.3% Top 20% 18.8% 3.5% 21-40% 8.5% 41-60% Shares of journals 61-80% 0.9% Bottom 20%
Downloads and IF Correlation r ≈ 0.4
For DL>=3 r ≈ 0.1
20 18 16 14
Long Range Planning Biotechnology Advances Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12 10
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science Corporate Environmental Strategy
8 6 4 2 0 0 5
Seminars in Immunology
10
Trends in Immunology IF Physics Reports Progress in Materials Science
15
Trends in Cell Biology Current Opinion in Cell Biology
20 25
The Two Roads to Open Access
Self-archiving OA Journals
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Important initiatives autumn 2003
1. Howard Hughes Medical Institute announced that they will pay OA article fees with up to $3000 per year per researcher 2. The Wellcome Trust supports open unlimited access to research publications and encourages researchers to retain their copyright 3. Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities many other prestigious international research organisations 4. The UK Parliamentary Science and Technology Committee inquiry into scientific publishing Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
... and in 2004
”Scientific Publications: Free for All?”.
U.K. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee report
The government should provide funds for all U.K. universities to launch open-access institutional repositories
Authors of articles based on government-funded research should deposit copies in their institutional repositories
The government should create a fund to help authors pay the processing fees charged by open-access journals
Universities should develop capacity to manage the copyrights that faculty will increasingly retain in the future The European Commission study on the economic and technical evolution of the scientific publication markets in Europe. Delivery -05
U.S. H.R. Appropriations Committee recommended that NIH provide free public access to research articles resulting from NIH-funded research.
Recent decison in Congress to go ahead .
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
The Wellcome Trust
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Europe
´
s largest independent biomedical research funding charity. Spends > £400 million/year Published the report
”Costs and business models in scientific research publishing”
in April 2004
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This study suggests savings of up to 30% in an Open Access system
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
The NIH Open Access Plan
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Congress decision November. Awaiting the President ´s signature.
After that NIH will have the authority to proceed with plans to provide free public access within 6 months to research articles resulting from NIH-funded research The draft plan will be revised considering comments received (> 6,000) The new policy will apply to NIH research grants awarded during Fiscal Year 2005 and beyond Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
The Wellcome Trust and NLM
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The Trust and the US National Library of Medicine are discussing a European site for PubMed Central Peer reviewed, biomedical research papers from scientists working on a range of diseases, as well as basic research, would be accessible without charge to any researcher, patient group or member of the public in the world Electronic versions of all papers reporting results of the research funded by the Trust should be placed in a public access archive within six months of publication The Trust will cover the costs involved Pressreleas 4 November, 2004 http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTX022827.html
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
NIH supported research publications
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57,224 papers supported in 2003 (PubMed) 127 with first author from Sweden (PubMed) Match against ISI found 50 authors from Lund ≈ 40 of these identified as Lund University ≈ 30 Gothenburg Univ. ≈ 40 Uppsala Univ.
≈ 250 Swedish papers and ≈ 200 university papers were published in 2003 and based on NIH research funding Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
UK report – Government Response
Wants to see the outcomes of publicly funded research made available to the widest possible audience
if quality is maintained and access provided at a reasonable cost
Recognizes the potential benefits of institutional repositories
Welcomes the increasing number of university repositories enabling greater access to their research output
RCUK, representing the seven U.K. Research Councils, is currently working on a policy for access to the research literature. Publication early in 2005
Nothing in the Government’s response stops RCUK from mandating researchers to deposit their papers in local repositories . Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
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Open Acess Citation Indexing
A new ISI study: The number of OA journals covered by ISI increases
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the creation of new OA journals then selected for coverage the conversion of established journals to an OA distribution model.
End of June 2004, 239 OA journals, + 43 OA titles since February 14 OA journals rank in the top 10% of journals in their subject category. Two rank among the top 10% in two categories. OA journals rank noticeably higher by Immediacy Index. May be more rapidly accessed and cited than comparable TA journals. Researchers have demonstrated a significant increase in the number of citations to articles available through archives, compared to articles in the same (non OA) journals Kristin Antelman ´s recent study ”Do Open Access Articles have a greater Research Impact?” looks at articles in four disciplines at varying stages of adoption of open access Across all four disciplines, freely available articles do have a greater research impact. Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Google Scholar
“A major challenge to the academic publishing industry” ??
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Searching for scholarly literature: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports from academic publishers, societies, repositories, universities, researchers ´ websites etc
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The relevance ranking algorithm uses the full text of each article, the author, the publication, and how often it has been cited in scholarly literature
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Google Scholar automatically analyzes and extracts citations and presents them as separate results, even if the documents they refer to are not online scholar.google.com Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
www.sciecom.org
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Subject Agriculture and Food Sciences Arts and Architecture Biology and Life Sciences Business and Economics Chemistry Earth and Environmental Sciences General Works Health Sciences Journal s 79 31 165 29 41 84 10 543 History and Archaeology Languages and Literatures Law and Political Science Mathematics and Statistics Philosophy and Religion Physics and Astronomy Social Sciences Technology and Engineering 43 60 56 67 45 41 270 94 % of total 5.75
2.26
12.01
2.11
2.98
6.11
0.73
39.52
3.13
3.64
4.08
4.88
3.28
2.98
19.65
6.84
DOAJ
1374 Journals 04-11-29
Fill the Institutional Archives!
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Project goals:
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Raise the awareness of self-archiving at LU Make it easier for researchers to self-archive Methods:
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Find records with affiliation Lund (
3,000/year) Match results against LDAP/LUCAT (e-mail addresses), publishers ´ databases and RoMEO
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For each article e-mail all LU authors informing them:
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That they are allowed to self-archive the article as permission has been granted by the publisher
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That we offer them help with self-archiving Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
2004-12-05 79% GREEN 13% PALE GREEN Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Libraries & Open Access funding
Michael R. Leach, Harvard, thinks the library has a role as a fiscal aggregator for OA publication charges.
Lars Björnshauge develops the idea: (ScieCom info 2004:3) In the subscription based model the library pays on behalf of the reader . Readers should be aware of that, but not have to bother
In the Open Access model the library should pay on behalf of the author . Authors should be aware of that, but not have to bother
[An]
OA Deposit Account
will speed up the process of gaining support for OA, and give the publishers finances to work with
How could this be done?
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
An OA Deposit Account Proposal
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Libraries deliver article copies by ILL for a handling fee. To reduce the amount of invoicing frequent customers are offered a deposit account Customers deposit a fixed amount, which later is depreciated according to the delivery of documents
Why not use the same solution for OA-publishing fees?
Introduce an institutional OA Deposit Account. The size of the deposited amount qualifies for reduced Article Processing Fees (APF)
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Gives OA-publishers needed liquidity Makes it legitimate for libraries to deposit funds Makes it easy for libraries to administer APF:s on behalf of the authors Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
”Nothing will ever be attempted if all possible objections must first be overcome.”
Samuel Johnson
Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries
Welcome to NCSC2006 !
The Third Nordic Conference on Scholarly Communication
24 - 25 April 2006 in Lund http://www.lub.lu.se/ncsc2006/ Ingegerd Rabow, Head Office, Lund University Libraries