Transcript Slide 1

Dynamics of
Care in Society
Human Growth & Development
1
Human Growth & Development Objectives
…List factors influencing growth & development in
humans.
…Describe major developments for each stage of life.
…Explain Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief
…Compare Developmental Theories of Erikson, Havighurst
& Freud
…Describe the levels of Maslow Hierarchy of basic human
needs.
…Recognize and describe the stages of grief
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
 Embryo (0-8 weeks gestation)
 Fetus (8 weeks – birth)
 Neonate (birth to 1 month)
 Infant (1 month to 1 year)
 Toddler (1-3 years)
 Preschool child (3-6 years)
 School-aged child (6-12 years)
 Adolescent (12-18 years)
 Young adult (18-40 years)
 Middle-aged adult (40-65
years)
 Older adult (>65 years)
Factors Influencing Growth and Development
1. Heredity
2. Prenatal factors
(ex: mother’s age/health/nutrition during pregnancy)
3. Caregiver factors (ex: physical or mental illness,
support system)
4. Individual differences
(ex: vision & hearing impairments)
5. Child’s health or illness and access to health care
6. Environment (ex: culture, poverty, climate)
7. Nutrition
8. Other relationships
(siblings, extended family,
friends, teachers…)
THEORIES
OF
DEVELOPMENT
Erik Erikson
Successful completion of a prior phase is necessary to
transitioning into a subsequent one.
 Each of 8 stages is characterized by
key issues that must be resolved
 These goals are influenced by environment & significant
others
 Each stage is also characterized by a life-stage virtue,
which is the outcome when this occurs successfully.
Ex: Adam presently is at Erikson’s “infant stage.” The challenges it presents
are “basic trust” versus “mistrust” of primary caregivers. The child must have
confidence that caregivers are reliable and will respond to her/his needs. When
successfully resolved this stage results in “hope.”
Erik Erikson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGFKAfixHJs
• Robert Havighurst
Believed that
 Living & growing are based on learning
 A person must learn continuously in order to
adjust to changes in society
 Learned behaviors are noted as developmental
tasks at certain periods of life.
Robert Havighurst
Six Major Stages in human life
Infancy & early childhood (Birth - 6 years old)
Middle childhood (6–13 years old)
Adolescence (13–18 years old)
Early Adulthood (19–30 years old)
Middle Age (30-60years old)
Later maturity (60 years old and over)
Robert Havighurst
Three sources for Developmental Tasks:
1. Tasks that arise from physical maturation: Learning
to walk, talk, control of bowel and urine, behaving in
an acceptable manner to opposite sex, adjusting to
menopause.
2. Tasks that arise from personal values: Choosing an
occupation, figuring out ones philosophical outlook.
3. Tasks that have their source in the pressures of
society: Learning to read, learning to be responsible
citizen.
 Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Identified that underlying human behavior is sexuality
(aka “Libido”)
His series of developmental stages are based on sexual
motivation.
During each stage, an unsuccessful completion
means that a child becomes fixated on that
particular erogenous zone and either over– or
under-indulges once he or she becomes an adult.
Freud’s Stages of
Psychosexual
Development
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Psychologist
Abraham
Maslow
(1908-1970)
Basic needs
must be met,
at least at a
minimum
level, before
other needs
can be
considered…
Changes to the original five-stage model are highlighted &
expanded in the 1970s
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth,
sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law,
limits, stability, etc.
3. Social Needs - Belongingness and Love, - work group, family,
affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence,
status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Cognitive needs - knowledge, meaning, etc.
6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance,
form, etc.
7. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, selffulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
8. Transcendence needs - helping others to achieve self actualization
THE FIVE STAGES OF GRIEF
was first introduced by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
in her 1969 book, On Death and Dying.
1. Denial
"I feel fine."; "This can't be happening, not
to me." Denial is usually only a temporary
defense for the individual.
2. Anger
"Why me? It's not fair!"; "How can this
happen to me?“
3. Bargaining
"Just let me live to see my children
graduate."; "I'll do anything for a few more
years."; "I will give my life savings if..."
THE FIVE STAGES OF GRIEF continued
4. Depression
"I'm so sad, why bother with anything?"; "I'm
going to die... What's the point?"; "I miss my
loved one, why go on?“
5. Acceptance
"It's going to be okay."; "I can't fight it, I may as
well prepare for it." The individual begins to come
to terms with their mortality or that of their
loved one.
• Kübler-Ross originally applied these stages to people suffering from terminal
illness, later to any form of catastrophic personal loss (job, income, freedom).
• These steps do not necessarily come in the order, nor are all steps experienced
by all patients.
• Often, people will experience several stages in a "roller coaster" effect—
switching between two or more stages - before working through it.
Death & Dying Clip