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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Comparison of Performance Indicators of
Different Types of Reactors Based on
the ISOE Data
H. Janžekovič, M. Križman
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Overview
• Introduction
• Types of reactors
• Radiation protection performance indicators from the ISOE database
• Conclusions
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Introduction
The extent of control of an operation in NPPs is related to:
• a risk
• a potential risk taking into account emergency scenarios.
Control of an operation of radiation safety contains three main categories:
1. radiation protection of workers
2. radiation protection of the population and the environment through
control
of discharges and direct radiation
3. waste management.
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Introduction
Control of radiation safety depends on the life period of an NPP:
pre - operation phase
operation
decommissioning
The efficiency of control can be measured by using performance indicators
- PI.
The PI should be well defined measurable parameters which will suit
regulators as well as operators to follow the relevant radiation protection
issue.
Overviews of PIs can be found in the NEA/CSNI/R(2001)11 publication
containing also the WANO performance indicators.
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Introduction
Category of Radiation
Protection
Database
ISOE
Workers
(OECD/NEA, IAEA,
1992)
International Database
on Discharges of
Radiation protection of Radioactive Material to
the population and the the Environment IAEA
environment
(2002)
Radioactive waste
Net Enabled Waste
management
Management Database
(NEWMD, 1989)
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
Performance Indicators
Collective dose,
average dose…
Activity of effluents,
physical state of
effluents…
Volume of radioactive
waste,
physical state of
waste…
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Introduction
The PI of an NPP strongly depends on:
I. Physical characteristics of an NPP
• type of a nuclear power plant
• life period of NPP maintenance and upgrading of an NPP
(steam generator replacement...)
• refuelling practice of an NPP.
II. Management of radiation protection issues.
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Introduction
In the world *:
31 under construction
441 nuclear power reactors in operation in 32 countries producing
358661 MW (e)
*IAEA, Nuclear Power Reactors in the World (2003).
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
Today, mainly 4 types or reactors are in commercial use:
• LWR (light water reactor)
• HWR (heavy water reactor - CANDU)
• GCR (gas cooled reactor)
• RBMK (light water graphite moderated reactor)
In addition, LWR could be
• PWR (pressurised water reactor) including Russian type VVER
• BWR (boiling water reactor).
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
Type
Moderator
Coolant
Fuel
LWR
(PWR, BWR)
HWR
Water
Water
Heavy water
Heavy water
GCR
Graphite
Gas
RBMK
Graphite
Water
Uraniumdioxide
Uraniumdioxide or
metal
Uranium
dicarbide or
metal
Uraniumdioxide
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Fuel Enrichment
Enriched
Natural
uranium
Enriched or
natural
uranium
Enriched
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
In the year 2002, 321 reactors were in operation*.
The total of operating experience was 6014 years.
* ISOE Rev. 63
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
Types of reactors operating during 2002
1%
3%
6%
17%
60%
13%
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
PWR
VVER
BWR
CANDU
GCR
RMBK
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
Mean age per operating reactor during
2002
25
22,7
19,6
17
17,5
BWR CANDU GCR
RBMK
20
12,6
15
13,3
10
5
0
PWR
VVER
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
Years of operating experiences
4000
3769
3000
2000
1246
1000
0
542
PWR
VVER
252
170
BWR CANDU GCR
* ISOE database
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
35
RBMK
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
PWR - Saint Alban 1, 2, France
Picture taken from http://www2.ijs.si/~icjt/plants/index.html
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
CANDU - Darlington, Canada
Picture taken from http://www2.ijs.si/~icjt/plants/index.html
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
GCR - Dungeness, United Kingdom
Picture taken from http://www2.ijs.si/~icjt/plants/index.html
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
RBMK - Leningrad, Russia
Picture taken from http://www2.ijs.si/~icjt/plants/index.html
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
In the year 2002, 43 reactors were shut down with the mean age of
19.4 year at the time of shut-down. *
* ISOE database
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Types of Reactors
Types of reactors shut down in 2002
7%
21%
22%
12%
19%
19%
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
PWR
VVER
BWR
CANDU
GCR
RMBK
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
The performance indicator related to the occupational dose is usually
the collective dose in a time period
or
trend of the collective dose.
Around 80% of all exposure is usually due to high dose jobs, which can be
estimated to represent only about 20% of all jobs in NPPs. *
*OECD, Work Management in the Nuclear Power Industry (1997)
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
Picture taken from http://www.nek.si/ (NPP Krško, PWR)
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
Widely used radiation protection performance indicators related to
occupational exposure:
• distribution of individual dose (maximum, average, mean etc.)
• collective dose over a period
• collective dose related to a specific task
• normalised collective dose by energy production
• percentage of internal exposure in the total dose
• contamination of workers or working area
• hot spots characteristics...
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
The total collective dose in the year 2002 was
402.3 man Sv.
The number of workers is approximately 500 000.*
*UNSCEAR, Sources and Effects of Ionising Radiation (2000)
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
Contribution of different types of reactors
to the total collective dose in 2002
2,2%
0,5%
4,5%
43,7%
36,6%
12,5%
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
PWR
VVER
BWR
CANDU
GCR
RBMK
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
Dose [man Sv]
Total annual collective dose
250
200
150
100
50
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
PWR
VVER
BWR
CANDU
GCR
RBMK
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
Average annual collective dose per TWh
2
1,6
Normalised
1,2
average annual
collective dose
0,8
[man Sv/TWh]
GCR
PWR
CANDU
BWR
VVER
RBMK
0,4
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
Year
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
2002
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
Specific jobs contribute significantly to the occupational exposure.
Picture showing the outage at the PWR NPP taken from the archive of the SNSA.
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Radiation Protection Performance Indicators
from the ISOE Database
Contribution of the outage dose to the total
annual dose in 2002 *
100
Contribution
of outage to
total
collective
dose [%]
80
60
40
20
0
PWR
VVER
BWR
* The contributions are averaged over countries.
http://www.gov.si/ursjv
CANDU RMBK
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Conclusions
The comparison of performance indicators of different types of reactors
based on the ISOE database shows:
• the mean age of operating reactors in 2002 was the highest for
BWR and the lowest for VVER
• in 2002 the PWR participating in ISOE achieved 3769 years of
operating experiences while the lowest value of this parameter was
35 years, valid for RBMK
• the annual collective dose for GCR shows a stable decrease in the
last five years but not a stable trend for other types of reactors was
observed
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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENERGY, SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Conclusions cont.
• the normalised average annual collective dose per TWh is the
highest for RBMK
• the contribution to the outage to the collective dose is in the range
from 70 % to 87 % in 2002
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